The ________, which is so important for emotional processing, is essential for the extreme emotional impact that produces PTSD.

    a.    fornix
    b.    cingulate
    c.    hippocampus
    *d.    amygdala

Psychologists typically define emotion in terms of three components.

*True  
False  

Among identical twins, if one of them has PTSD, then the other is also likely to have a:

    a.    large hippocampus.
    b.    small adrenal gland.
    c.    large adrenal gland.
    *d.    small hippocampus.

Aged people with the highest cortisol levels tend to be those with the:

    *a.    greatest memory problems.
    b.    most cellulose in the diet.
    c.    largest hippocampus.
    d.    greatest amount of social support.

The classical illness behaviors such as fever, sleepiness, and lack of appetite are caused by:

    a.    antibody production.
    *b.    the immune system's production of cytokines.
    c.    toxins released by pathogens.
    d.    decreased brain activity.

In people with an uncommon condition called pure autonomic failure, output from the autonomic nervous system to the body fails, either completely or almost completely.

*True  
False 

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, we experience physiological changes first and then label these changes as an emotion.

*True  
False  

One of the main differences between natural killer cells and T cells is that natural killer cells:

    a.    are more specific in their targets.
    b.    attack normal tissue.
    c.    are cancer cells.
    *d.    attack several kinds of intruders.

Which type of leukocyte attaches to an intruder and produces a specific antibody to attack the intruder's antigen?

    a.    T cell
    *b.    B cell
    c.    A cell
    d.    macrophage

The limbic system - the forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus - has been regarded as non-critical for emotion.

True  
*False  

Stress activates two systems. One is the:

    a.    autonomic nervous system which secretes the hormone cortisol.
    b.    autonomic nervous system which secretes the hormone ACTH.
    *c.    HPA axis, which becomes increasingly important with prolonged stressors.
    d.    HPA axis, which reacts more quickly than the other.

A combination of benzodiazepines and alcohol should be avoided because:

    a.    the combination produces excessive anxiety.
    *b.    each magnifies the effects of the other.
    c.    each cancels the effects of the other.
    d.    they react with each other chemically to form a new compound.

Prefrontal cortex damage always results in poor decisions.

True  
*False

The right hemisphere seems to be more responsive to emotional stimuli than the left hemisphere.

*True  
False  

The enhanced startle reflex in the presence of a feared stimulus would be reduced by all of the following methods EXCEPT:

    *a.    stimulating CCK receptors in the amygdala.
    b.    stimulating GABA-A receptors.
    c.    opening chloride channels.
    d.    damaging the amygdala.

The ________ receives axons from the amygdala and sends axons to the pons to control the startle response.

    *a.    midbrain
    b.    cingulate gyrus
    c.    pineal gland
    d.    caudate nucleus

A startle reflex occurs in response to:

    a.    anxiety.
    *b.    an unexpected loud noise.
    c.    grief.
    d.    depression.

Most of the vigorous emotional behaviors we observe in animals fall into the categories of attack and escape.

*True  
False  

Suppose you want to DECREASE the aggressive behavior of an animal, and all you are allowed to use is a nutritional supplement. Which might be a good choice?

    a.    decrease lecithin
    *b.    increase tryptophan
    c.    increase phenylalanine
    d.    decrease thiamine

One explanation for why having genes for low serotonin turnover may be beneficial in monkeys is that:

    a.    a low level of aggression is best for survival.
    b.    serotonin causes cancer.
    *c.    an intermediate level of aggression prevents them from being too fearful or too violent.
    d.    most highly aggressive monkeys get everything they want.