What does ZEITGEBER mean

*a. "time-giver"
b. "time-reset" condition
c. "time-adjuster"
d. "time-starter"

An Endogenous Circannual Rhythm is:

a. a rhythm that comes from external sources and lasts about a day.
*b. a rhythm that comes from internal sources and lasts about a year.
c. a rhythm that comes from external sources and lasts about a year.
d. a rhythm that comes from internal sources and lasts about a day.

Research suggests that REM is:

    a.    not important for strengthening memories of any kind.
    b.    important for all types of memory.
    *c.    most important for strengthening memories of motor skills.
    d.    most important for strengthening memories of lists of words.

In general, animals that have the most total sleep also have the highest percentage of REM

*True   
False   

Night terrors occur during NREM sleep.

*True   
False   

Muscle relaxation during REM sleep occurs because of decreased activity in the pons.

True   
*False   
   

How does prolonged sleep deprivation affect human volunteers?

    a.    It decreases later need for sleep.
    b.    It produces death.
    *c.    It impairs concentration.
    d.    Brain activity increases.

Alternation between wakefulness and sleep depends completely on stimuli in the environment.

True   
*False   
    

According to the evolutionary perspective of sleep, the primary function of sleep is to:

    *a.    conserve energy.
    b.    restore body functions that were exhausted during wakefulness.
    c.    enable the person to re-experience, in dreams, the events of the past.
    d.    promote brain development.

Mice that lack orexin have difficulty:

    *a.    maintaining wakefulness.
    b.    breathing at night.
    c.    waking up.
    d.    sleeping.

Which of the following has often been interpreted as an intrusion of REM sleep into wakefulness?

    *a.    narcolepsy
    b.    REM behavior disorder
    c.    sleep apnea
    d.    somnambulism

PGO waves are associated with which of the following?

    a.    being awakened from REM sleep
    b.    NREM sleep
    c.    relaxation during wakefulness
    *d.    REM sleep

The dominant zeitgeber for land animals is light.

*True   
False   

High levels of 'Per' and 'Tim' are associated with sleepiness.

*True   
False   

Adenosine levels generally increase during periods of:

    a.    REM sleep.
    *b.    wakefulness.
    c.    NREM sleep.
    d.    transition from wakefulness to sleep or sleep to wakefulness.

What is the best way to determine if an individual who claims to never dream does, in fact, have dreams?

    a.    Wake them up during NREM sleep and ask them if they have been dreaming.
    b.    Ask them about their dreams immediately after they wake up in the morning.
    *c.    Wake them up during REM sleep and ask them if they have been dreaming.
    d.    Ask them under hypnosis if they have had any dreams recently.

During REM sleep, the EEG shows:

    a.    regular, low-voltage slow waves.
    *b.    irregular, low-voltage fast waves.
    c.    regular, high-voltage slow waves.
    d.    irregular, high-voltage slow waves.

Dreams only occur during REM sleep.

True   
*False   

Changes in EEG waves occur when neurons fire in synchrony.

*True   
False   

With each succeeding stage of sleep (from 1 to 4):

    a.    brain activity increases.
    b.    brain waves become smaller.
    *c.    slow, large-amplitude waves increase in number.
    d.    breathing and heart rates increase.