a. functional
b. ontogenetic
c. physiological
d. evolutionary
A fundamental property is one that ____.
a. answers all questions
b. occurs only in certain parts of the nervous system
c. cannot be reduced to something else
d. cannot be explained
b. occurs only in certain parts of the nervous system
c. cannot be reduced to something else
d. cannot be explained
The question “Given this universe composed of matter and energy, why is there such a thing as consciousness?” is called the ____.
a. cosmic force question
b. mind-body problem
c. universal question
d. biological problem
b. mind-body problem
c. universal question
d. biological problem
Jill is interested in studying how hormones influence sexual behavior of rats. She is most likely a:
a. biological psychologist.
b. neuroscientist.
c. clinical psychologist.
d. psychiatrist.
b. neuroscientist.
c. clinical psychologist.
d. psychiatrist.
Much of biological psychology concerns:
a. chemistry.
b. brain functioning.
c. neurology.
d. anatomy.
b. brain functioning.
c. neurology.
d. anatomy.
The primary difference between biological psychologists and neuroscientists is that neuroscientists place greater emphasis on studying:
a. chemistry.
b. psychology.
c. biology.
d. behavior.
b. psychology.
c. biology.
d. behavior.
At the microscopic level, we find two kinds of cells: ____.
a. molecules and mitochondria
b. mitochondria and glia
c. neurons and glia
d. neurons and molecules
b. mitochondria and glia
c. neurons and glia
d. neurons and molecules
Biological psychologists are primarily interested in the study of the physiological, evolutionary, and ____.
a. social influence on attitudes
b. developmental mechanisms of behavior and experience
c. use of reinforcement to change behavior
d. mental well-being of plants
b. developmental mechanisms of behavior and experience
c. use of reinforcement to change behavior
d. mental well-being of plants
Chapter 15 Biological Psychology Terms
Antipsychotic drugs
*Drugs used to relieve the symptoms of schizophrenia and other conditions with psychotic symptoms
Atypical Antidepressants
*Miscellaneous group of drugs with antidepressant effects but only mild side effects
Bipolar Disorder
*A condition that alternates between depression and mania
Bipolar I Disorder
*Condition including full-blown episodes of mania
Bipolar II Disorder
*Condition with milder manic phases and depression
Butyrophenones
*A chemical family that includes antipsychotic drugs (haloperidol) that relieve the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Chlorphromazine
*Thorazine – antipsychotic drug that relieves the positive symptoms of schizophrenia for most, though not all, patients
Concordance
*Similarity between individuals with regard to a trait
Delusions
*False beliefs
Differential Diagnosis
*One that rules out other conditions with similar symptoms
Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia
*Idea that schizophrenia results from excess activity at dopamine synapses in certain brain areas
Electroconvulsive Therapy
*ECT – a treatment for depression by electrically inducing a seizure
Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia
*Proposal that schizophrenia relates in part to deficient activity at glutamate synapses, especially in the prefrontal cortex
Lithium
*A simple salt often used in the treatment of bipolar disorder
Major Depression
*A condition in which people feel sad and helpless every day for weeks at a time
Mania
*A condition characterized by restless activity, excitement, laughter, over self-confidence, rambling speech, and loss of inhibitions
Mesolimbocortical System
*A set of neurons that project from the midbrain tegmentum to the limbic system
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
*MAOIs – Drugs that block the enzyme monoamine oxidase and used in the treatment of depression
Negative Symptoms
*A absence of behaviors ordinarily seen in normal people, e.g. lack of emotional expression
Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis
*Proposal that schizophrenia begins with abnormalities in the prenatal or neonatal development of the nervous system, based on either genetics or other influences
Phencyclidine
*PCP – drug that inhibits the NMDA receptors
Phenothiazines
*A chemical family that includes antipsychotic drugs (chlorpromazine) that relieve the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Positive Symptoms
*Presence of behaviors not seen in normal individuals, e.g., hallucinations
Postpartum Depression
*Major depression that occurs after giving birth
Schizophrenia
*A psychotic disorder characterized by a deteriorating ability to function in everyday life and by some combination of positive and negative symptoms
Seasonal Affective Disorder
*SAD – Depression that recurs during a particular season, such as winter
Season-of-Birth Effect
*Tendency for people born in winter to have a slightly greater probability of developing schizophrenia than people born at other times of the year
Second-generation Antipsychotics
*Drugs that alleviate the symptoms of schizophrenia without producing serious movement side effects
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
*Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin and used in the treatment of depression
Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
*Drugs that block the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine and used in the treatment of depression
Tardive Dyskinesia
*A movement disorder characterized by tremors and other involuntary movements; associated with the use of neuroleptic agents
Tricyclics
*Antidepressant drugs that block the reuptake of catecholamines and serotonin
Unipolar Depression
*Major depressive disorder with no manic or hypomanic episodes
*Drugs used to relieve the symptoms of schizophrenia and other conditions with psychotic symptoms
Atypical Antidepressants
*Miscellaneous group of drugs with antidepressant effects but only mild side effects
Bipolar Disorder
*A condition that alternates between depression and mania
Bipolar I Disorder
*Condition including full-blown episodes of mania
Bipolar II Disorder
*Condition with milder manic phases and depression
Butyrophenones
*A chemical family that includes antipsychotic drugs (haloperidol) that relieve the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Chlorphromazine
*Thorazine – antipsychotic drug that relieves the positive symptoms of schizophrenia for most, though not all, patients
Concordance
*Similarity between individuals with regard to a trait
Delusions
*False beliefs
Differential Diagnosis
*One that rules out other conditions with similar symptoms
Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia
*Idea that schizophrenia results from excess activity at dopamine synapses in certain brain areas
Electroconvulsive Therapy
*ECT – a treatment for depression by electrically inducing a seizure
Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia
*Proposal that schizophrenia relates in part to deficient activity at glutamate synapses, especially in the prefrontal cortex
Lithium
*A simple salt often used in the treatment of bipolar disorder
Major Depression
*A condition in which people feel sad and helpless every day for weeks at a time
Mania
*A condition characterized by restless activity, excitement, laughter, over self-confidence, rambling speech, and loss of inhibitions
Mesolimbocortical System
*A set of neurons that project from the midbrain tegmentum to the limbic system
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
*MAOIs – Drugs that block the enzyme monoamine oxidase and used in the treatment of depression
Negative Symptoms
*A absence of behaviors ordinarily seen in normal people, e.g. lack of emotional expression
Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis
*Proposal that schizophrenia begins with abnormalities in the prenatal or neonatal development of the nervous system, based on either genetics or other influences
Phencyclidine
*PCP – drug that inhibits the NMDA receptors
Phenothiazines
*A chemical family that includes antipsychotic drugs (chlorpromazine) that relieve the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Positive Symptoms
*Presence of behaviors not seen in normal individuals, e.g., hallucinations
Postpartum Depression
*Major depression that occurs after giving birth
Schizophrenia
*A psychotic disorder characterized by a deteriorating ability to function in everyday life and by some combination of positive and negative symptoms
Seasonal Affective Disorder
*SAD – Depression that recurs during a particular season, such as winter
Season-of-Birth Effect
*Tendency for people born in winter to have a slightly greater probability of developing schizophrenia than people born at other times of the year
Second-generation Antipsychotics
*Drugs that alleviate the symptoms of schizophrenia without producing serious movement side effects
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
*Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin and used in the treatment of depression
Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
*Drugs that block the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine and used in the treatment of depression
Tardive Dyskinesia
*A movement disorder characterized by tremors and other involuntary movements; associated with the use of neuroleptic agents
Tricyclics
*Antidepressant drugs that block the reuptake of catecholamines and serotonin
Unipolar Depression
*Major depressive disorder with no manic or hypomanic episodes
Chapter 13 Biological Psychology Terms
Alzheimer’s Disease
*Neurological disorder characterized by memory loss, confusion, depression, restlessness, hallucinations, delusions, sleeplessness, and loss of appetite
Amnesia
*Memory loss
AMPA receptor
*A glutamate receptor that can respond to a a-amino-3-hydroxy-5methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
Amyloid-ß
*A protein that accumulates to a higher than normal level in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease
Anterograde Amnesia
*Inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage
Associativity
*Property that a weak input paired with a stronger input enhances its later response
BDNF
*Brain-derived neurotropic factor- a neurotrophin similar to nerve growth factor
Classical Conditioning
*Type of learning produced by the pairing of two stimuli, one of which evokes an automatic response
Cooperativity
*Tendency for nearly simultaneous stimulation by two or more axons to produce long-term potentiation much more effectively than stimulation by just one
Conditioned Response
*Response evoked by a conditioned stimulus after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
*Stimulus that evokes a particular response only after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Confabulation
*A distinctive symptom of Korsakoff’s syndrome in which patients fill in memory gaps with guesses
Consolidation
*To strengthen a memory and make it more long-lasting
Declarative Memory
*Deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory
Engram
*Physical representation of what has been learned
Episodic Memory
*Memories of single personal events
Equipotentiality
*Concept that all parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex behavior; any part of the cortex can substitute for any other
Explicit Memory
*Deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory
Habituation
*A decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly and accompanied by no change in other stimuli
Hebbian Synapse
*A synapse that increases in effectiveness because of simultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
Implicit Memory
*An influence of experience on behavior even if the influence is not recognized
Instrumental Conditioning
*Operant conditioning- A type of learning in which reinforcement or punishment changes the future probabilities of a given behavior
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
*Brain damage caused by prolonged thiamine deficiency
Lateral Interpositus Nucleus
*LIP – A nucleus of the cerebellum that is essential for learning
Long-term Depression
*LTD – A prolonged decrease in response at a synapse where the axons have been less active than certain other axons afferent to that neuron
Long-term Memory
*Memory of events that occurred further back in time
Long-term Potentiation
*LTP – when one or more axons connected to a dendrite bombard it with a rapid series of stimuli, some of the synapses become more responsive to new input of the same type for minutes, days, or weeks
Mass Action
*Concept that the cortex works as a whole and the more cortex, the better
NMDA receptor
*A glutamate receptor that can respond to the drug N-methyl-D-aspartate
Procedural Memory
*A type of memory that includes motor skills and habits; a type of implicit memory
Punishment
*An event that suppresses the frequency of the preceding response
Reconsolidation
*Re-strengthening of a memory by a similar later experience
Reinforcer
*Any event that increases the probability of repeating the preceding response
Retrograde Amnesia
*Loss of memory for events that occurred before brain damage
Retrograde Transmitter
*A transmitter released by a postsynaptic cell that travels back to the Presynaptic cell to modify it
Semantic Dementia
*Loss of semantic memory after damage to the anterior and inferior temporal lobe
Sensitization
*An increase in response to mild stimuli as a result of exposure to more intense stimuli
Short-term Memory
*Memory of events that have just occurred
Specificity
*Property that highly active synapses become strengthened and less active synapses do not
Tau Protein
*Part of the intracellular support structure of axons
Unconditioned Stimulus
*Stimulus that automatically evokes an unconditioned response
Unconditioned Response
*Response automatically evoked by an unconditioned stimulus
*Neurological disorder characterized by memory loss, confusion, depression, restlessness, hallucinations, delusions, sleeplessness, and loss of appetite
Amnesia
*Memory loss
AMPA receptor
*A glutamate receptor that can respond to a a-amino-3-hydroxy-5methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
Amyloid-ß
*A protein that accumulates to a higher than normal level in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease
Anterograde Amnesia
*Inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage
Associativity
*Property that a weak input paired with a stronger input enhances its later response
BDNF
*Brain-derived neurotropic factor- a neurotrophin similar to nerve growth factor
Classical Conditioning
*Type of learning produced by the pairing of two stimuli, one of which evokes an automatic response
Cooperativity
*Tendency for nearly simultaneous stimulation by two or more axons to produce long-term potentiation much more effectively than stimulation by just one
Conditioned Response
*Response evoked by a conditioned stimulus after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
*Stimulus that evokes a particular response only after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Confabulation
*A distinctive symptom of Korsakoff’s syndrome in which patients fill in memory gaps with guesses
Consolidation
*To strengthen a memory and make it more long-lasting
Declarative Memory
*Deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory
Engram
*Physical representation of what has been learned
Episodic Memory
*Memories of single personal events
Equipotentiality
*Concept that all parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex behavior; any part of the cortex can substitute for any other
Explicit Memory
*Deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory
Habituation
*A decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly and accompanied by no change in other stimuli
Hebbian Synapse
*A synapse that increases in effectiveness because of simultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
Implicit Memory
*An influence of experience on behavior even if the influence is not recognized
Instrumental Conditioning
*Operant conditioning- A type of learning in which reinforcement or punishment changes the future probabilities of a given behavior
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
*Brain damage caused by prolonged thiamine deficiency
Lateral Interpositus Nucleus
*LIP – A nucleus of the cerebellum that is essential for learning
Long-term Depression
*LTD – A prolonged decrease in response at a synapse where the axons have been less active than certain other axons afferent to that neuron
Long-term Memory
*Memory of events that occurred further back in time
Long-term Potentiation
*LTP – when one or more axons connected to a dendrite bombard it with a rapid series of stimuli, some of the synapses become more responsive to new input of the same type for minutes, days, or weeks
Mass Action
*Concept that the cortex works as a whole and the more cortex, the better
NMDA receptor
*A glutamate receptor that can respond to the drug N-methyl-D-aspartate
Procedural Memory
*A type of memory that includes motor skills and habits; a type of implicit memory
Punishment
*An event that suppresses the frequency of the preceding response
Reconsolidation
*Re-strengthening of a memory by a similar later experience
Reinforcer
*Any event that increases the probability of repeating the preceding response
Retrograde Amnesia
*Loss of memory for events that occurred before brain damage
Retrograde Transmitter
*A transmitter released by a postsynaptic cell that travels back to the Presynaptic cell to modify it
Semantic Dementia
*Loss of semantic memory after damage to the anterior and inferior temporal lobe
Sensitization
*An increase in response to mild stimuli as a result of exposure to more intense stimuli
Short-term Memory
*Memory of events that have just occurred
Specificity
*Property that highly active synapses become strengthened and less active synapses do not
Tau Protein
*Part of the intracellular support structure of axons
Unconditioned Stimulus
*Stimulus that automatically evokes an unconditioned response
Unconditioned Response
*Response automatically evoked by an unconditioned stimulus
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