What does ZEITGEBER mean

*a. "time-giver"
b. "time-reset" condition
c. "time-adjuster"
d. "time-starter"

An Endogenous Circannual Rhythm is:

a. a rhythm that comes from external sources and lasts about a day.
*b. a rhythm that comes from internal sources and lasts about a year.
c. a rhythm that comes from external sources and lasts about a year.
d. a rhythm that comes from internal sources and lasts about a day.

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the:

    *a.    relative activity of short, medium, and long wavelengths.
    b.    absolute activity of a single cone.
    c.    velocity of the action potential.
    d.    difference between cone and rod activity.

Taste receptors are continually being replaced.

*True   
False   
   

If some of the axons innervating a given cell are destroyed or if they become inactive, what compensatory process takes place in the remaining presynaptic cells?

    *a.    collateral sprouting
    b.    denervation supersensitivity
    c.    removal of toxins
    d.    activation of previously silent synapses

The pons acts as a bridge between:

    a.    the hindbrain and the forebrain.
    *b.    one side of the nervous system and the other.
    c.    the thalamus and the cerebral cortex.
    d.    the thalamus and the hypothalamus.

People with amnesia tend to have poorer explicit than implicit memory.

*True   
False   

What provides the building blocks for synthesizing all neurotransmitters?

    a.    Breakdown products formed from other transmitters.
    *b.    Substances found in the diet.
    c.    Methane and ethanol.
    d.    Breakdown products of DNA.

What is one major cause for the resting potential of a neuron's membrane?

*a. The sodium-potassium pump.
b. A high permeability of the membrane to water molecules.
c. The refractory period of the membrane.
d. A difference in size between axons and dendrites.

Some cases of depression may be caused by a virus.

*True  
False

One of the main problems in determining if nonhuman species have language is being able to accurately define what language is.

*True  
False  

Mutations are:

a. almost always beneficial to the organism.
*b. changes in single genes.
c. guided by the needs of the organism in its environment.
d. a common occurrence in most single genes.

The amygdala is important only for the expression of fear.

True  
*False  

Hormones produced by the ovaries are required for proper maternal behavior in rats.

True  
*False  

The symptoms of cerebellar damage resemble those of alcohol intoxication.

*True  
False

The major problem with the frequency theory of pitch perception is that neurons can't produce action potentials frequently enough to match high frequency sound waves.

True   
False  

Lithium is most commonly prescribed for which disorder?

    a.    endogenous depression
    *b.    bipolar disorder
    c.    seasonal affective disorder
    d.    reactive depression

In most humans, control of language is centered in the:

    a.    corpus callosum.
    *b.    left hemisphere.
    c.    right hemisphere.
    d.    cerebellum.

Research scientists are free to do as they wish when conducting research with animals.

True   
*False 

Blocking NMDA synapses has what effect, if any, on LTP?

    a.    There is no effect on LTP.
    *b.    It prevents the establishment of LTP.
    c.    In prevents the maintenance of previously established LTP.
    d.    It enhances the establishment of LTP.

Which type of leukocyte attaches to an intruder and produces a specific antibody to attack the intruder's antigen?

    a.    T cell
    b.    A cell
    *c.    B cell
    d.    macrophage

At what point in the menstrual cycle, if any, are women who are not on birth-control pills most likely to initiate sexual activity?

    a.    At any point in the menstrual cycle.
    *b.    About midway between two menstrual periods.
    c.    Just after the end of menstruation.
    d.    Just before the next menstrual period.

A cycle of food-deprivation following by overeating characterizes:

    a.    anorexia.
    b.    obesity.
    c.    bipolar disorder.
    *d.    bulimia.

In general, animals that have the most total sleep also have the highest percentage of REM sleep.

*True   
False   

A single muscle can contract in more than one direction.

True   
*False   

How does prolonged sleep deprivation affect human volunteers?

    a.    It produces death.
    b.    It decreases later need for sleep.
    c.    Brain activity increases.
    *d.    It impairs concentration.

Parkinson's disease is caused by degeneration of a pathway of neurons that releases which neurotransmitter?

    *a.    dopamine
    b.    substance P
    c.    acetylcholine
    d.    serotonin

Pacinian corpuscles respond best to:

    a.    horizontal head movements.
    b.    low frequency sounds.
    c.    slow mechanical movements.
    *d.    rapid mechanical pressure.

The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell?

    a.    horizontal cells
    b.    rods and cones
    c.    bipolar cells
    *d.    ganglion cells

Cerebrospinal fluid provides the major cushion for the brain.

*True   
False 

Cerebrospinal fluid provides the major cushion for the brain.

*True   
False   

Reflexive flexion and extension of a dog's legs can still occur when the spinal cord is disconnected from the brain.

*True   
False 

What is one reason for gradual behavioral recovery from brain damage?

    a.    Additional myelin forms on the axons that were not destroyed.
    b.    Glia cells are transformed into neurons.
    *c.    Postsynaptic cells deprived of input become supersensitive.
    d.    Uninjured areas of the brain develop new functions to take over the ones that were lost.

Following damage to the temporal lobe, monkeys that fail to display normal fear of snakes most likely have which of the following?

    a.    Korsakoff's syndrome
    *b.    Kluver-Bucy syndrome
    c.    Wertmann syndrome
    d.    Urbach-Wiethe disease

Motor neurons are always efferent from the nervous system.

*True   
False   

What provides the building blocks for synthesizing all neurotransmitters?

    a.    Breakdown products formed from other transmitters.
    *b.    Substances found in the diet.
    c.    Methane and ethanol.
    d.    Breakdown products of DNA.

Voltage-activated channels are channels for which a change in the voltage across the membrane alters their:

    a.    number.
    b.    threshold.
    *c.    permeability.
    d.    length.

The retinex theory accounts for the principle of color constancy.

*True   
False   

In laboratory studies, cannabinoids have been shown to reduce brain damage from strokes.

True   
*False 

In humans, which chromosome(s) contain(s) few genes?

    *a.    The Y chromosome contains few genes.
    b.    All human chromosomes contain few genes.
    c.    The X chromosome contains few genes.
    d.    Both the X and Y chromosomes contain few genes.

Postpartum depression usually occurs right after a women finds out she is pregnant.

True  
*False  

The symptoms of tardive dyskinesia are:

*a. tremors and other involuntary movements.
b. anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
c. outbursts of unprovoked violent behavior.
d. attacks of anxiety that prevent active behavior.

Type I alcoholism is more strongly related to genetics than Type II.

True  
*False  

Phencyclidine (PCP) produces:

*a. decreased stimulation of glutamate type NMDA receptors.
b. only negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
c. only positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
d. increased stimulation of glutamate type NMDA receptors.

According to the dopamine hypothesis, what causes schizophrenia?

*a. Excessive activity at dopamine synapses.
b. An unusual course and destination of dopamine fibers in the brain.
c. Deficient activity at dopamine synapses.
d. An unusual point of origin for dopamine fibers in the brain.

Brain damage common to schizophrenia includes:

a. a proliferation of glial cells.
*b. larger than normal cerebral ventricles.
c. a heavier forebrain.
d. loss of axons between the substantia nigra and the basal ganglia.

Sons of alcoholics tend to have larger than normal amygdala in one hemisphere.

True  
*False  

Slowed metabolism of acetaldehyde results in a greater craving for alcohol.

True  
*False  

As compared to the general population, twice the usual probability of schizophrenia has been correlated with:

a. Rh-positive mothers and Rh-negative baby boys.
b. Rh-positive mothers and Rh-negative baby girls.
c. Rh-negative mothers and Rh-positive baby girls.
*d. Rh-negative mothers and Rh-positive baby boys.

According to the neurodevelopmental hypothesis, schizophrenia develops as a result of:

a. poor diet during adolescence.
b. stressful experiences.
c. lack of social support from family and friends.
*d. abnormalities in prenatal or neonatal development.

The age of onset of schizophrenia is:

a. about the same time for men and women.
*b. usually earlier for men than for women.
c. never after the age of 30.
d. usually earlier for women than for men.

A schizophrenic patient whose main symptoms are lack of emotional expression, lack of social interaction, and lack of speech is suffering from:

a. thought disorders.
b. delusions.
c. positive symptoms.
*d. negative symptoms.

Generally speaking, dopamine and glutamate have opposite effects in the prefrontal cortex.

*True  
False  

At the microscopic level, one of the most reliable findings in people with schizophrenia is smaller than normal neurons.

*True  
False  

Which of the following behaviors most closely meets the definition of schizophrenia?

a. Outbursts of unprovoked violent behavior toward strangers.
b. Alternation between one personality and another.
c. Episodes of being unable to remember certain events of one's past.
*d. Deterioration of daily functioning, hallucinations, and thought disorders.

People suffering from seasonal affective disorder most likely become depressed in the:

a. fall.
*b. winter.
c. spring.
d. days after any holiday.

Lithium is most commonly prescribed for which disorder?

a. endogenous depression
*b. bipolar disorder
c. reactive depression
d. seasonal affective disorder

Older fathers are more likely to have schizophrenic children than younger fathers.

*True  
False  

Exposure to bright lights is one effective treatment for SAD.

*True  
False

Which of the following characterizes total brain activity, as measured by the rate of glucose metabolism, in those suffering from mood disorders?

a. Low in mania and high in depression.
b. Low in both mania and depression.
*c. High in mania and low in depression.
d. High in both mania and depression.

People with unipolar disorder are characterized by:

a. chemical imbalances in one half of their brains.
b. obsessions and compulsions.
*c. varying between depression and a normal mood.
d. varying between depression and mania.

The use of electroconvulsive shock declined in the 1950's because:

*a. antidepressant drugs became available.
b. a new theory of depression arose.
c. it was outlawed.
d. a federal report concluded that it was almost never effective.

In contrast to tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs):

a. act on the left hemisphere while tricyclics act on the right.
b. increase action potential velocity.
c. block reuptake of both catecholamines and serotonin.
*d. block the reuptake of only serotonin.

ECT has a higher rate of relapse than psychotherapy in treating depression.

*True  
False  

Some cases of depression may be caused by a virus.

*True  
False  

The Borna disease virus has been found in some of the people who suffer from:

a. autism.
b. stuttering.
*c. depression.
d. dyslexia.

The most severe episodes of depression generally occur:

*a. after a traumatic experience.
b. when hormone levels are high.
c. in the summer.
d. in women just before they give birth.

What is the idea behind giving Antabuse to alcoholics?

*a. It may cause them to associate alcohol with illness.
b. It prevents them from experiencing the intoxicating effects.
c. It helps them to sober up after getting drunk.
d. It provides a less debilitating, less addictive high.

In what ways do genetics contribute to alcoholism?

a. The genes responsible are only passed from father to son.
*b. There are multiple genes that increase the risk of alcoholism.
c. There has been no evidence of a genetic connection.
d. A recessive gene has been found to cause alcoholism.

Schizophrenia is a one-gene disorder and a one-neurotransmitter disorder.

True  
*False  

Atypical antipsychotics are effective in treating only the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

True  
*False

Sensitization of neurons in the nucleus accumbens results in:

a. decreased drug cravings.
b. increased drug tolerance.
c. decreased withdrawal symptoms.
*d. increased drug cravings during withdrawal.

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors normally inhibit reuptake of serotonin.

True  
*False  

Most depressed people have decreased activity in the left and increased activity in the right prefrontal cortex.

*True  
False  

What kind of drug alleviates schizophrenia with little risk of producing tardive dyskinesia?

a. lithium
b. neuroleptics
c. monoamine oxidase inhibitors
*d. atypical antipsychotics

A serious side effect that develops in some people after prolonged use of neuroleptic drugs is:

a. seasonal affective disorder.
b. saccadic eye movements.
c. attention deficit disorder.
*d. tardive dyskinesia.

An alternative to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is the proposal that schizophrenia may be due to a deficiency of activity of ________ synapses.

a. serotonin
b. acetylcholine
c. substance P
*d. glutamate

According to the dopamine hypothesis, what causes schizophrenia?

*a. Excessive activity at dopamine synapses.
b. Deficient activity at dopamine synapses.
c. An unusual point of origin for dopamine fibers in the brain.
d. An unusual course and destination of dopamine fibers in the brain.

Brain damage common to schizophrenia includes:

a. a proliferation of glial cells.
*b. larger than normal cerebral ventricles.
c. loss of axons between the substantia nigra and the basal ganglia.
d. a heavier forebrain.

Which of the following is NOT often associated with the life events of schizophrenics?

a. complications during delivery
*b. above average birth weight
c. prolonged labor
d. poor nutrition during pregnancy

According to the neurodevelopmental hypothesis, schizophrenia develops as a result of:

a. stressful experiences.
b. lack of social support from family and friends.
c. poor diet during adolescence.
*d. abnormalities in prenatal or neonatal development.

The ventricles are larger than normal in people with schizophrenia.

*True  
False  

Bipolar II disorder is a more severe form of mania than bipolar I disorder.

True  
*False  

The age of onset of schizophrenia is:

*a. usually earlier for men than for women.
b. usually earlier for women than for men.
c. never after the age of 30.
d. about the same time for men and women.

An example of a "negative symptom" of schizophrenia is:

a. delusions.
*b. poor emotional expression.
c. thought disorder.
d. hallucinations.

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of schizophrenia?

a. Impaired understanding of abstract concepts.
b. Delusions.
*c. Alternation between one personality and another.
d. Deterioration of everyday functioning.

People suffering from seasonal affective disorder most likely become depressed in the:

a. spring.
b. days after any holiday.
*c. winter.
d. fall.

Lithium is most commonly prescribed for which disorder?

*a. bipolar disorder
b. reactive depression
c. endogenous depression
d. seasonal affective disorder

Depression is more common in men than women.

True  
*False

A study found that depressed people showed an increased response to facial expressions of fear, and a decreased response to happy expressions.

*True  
False  

Someone with bipolar disorder alternates between:

a. mania and normal.
b. depression and dementia.
c. schizophrenia and normal.
*d. mania and depression.

The cheapest and simplest antidepressant procedure is:

a. massage.
b. sleep deprivation.
c. food deprivation.
*d. regular nonstrenuous exercise.

When ECT proved to be ineffective for schizophrenia, it was:

a. used to enhance memory.
b. used to stimulate the immune system.
*c. used to treat other mental illnesses.
d. abandoned as a means of treatment for psychiatric disorders.

In contrast to tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs):

a. block reuptake of both catecholamines and serotonin.
*b. block the reuptake of only serotonin.
c. increase action potential velocity.
d. act on the left hemisphere while tricyclics act on the right.

SSRIs work similarly to:

a. L-Dopa.
b. Antabuse.
c. MAOIs.
*d. tricyclics.

The Borna disease virus has been found in some of the people who suffer from:

a. autism.
b. stuttering.
*c. depression.
d. dyslexia.

On the average, those with the short form of the ________ transporter gene and a history of stressful experiences reported more than average symptoms of depression.

a. calcium
b. dopamine
*c. serotonin
d. acetylcholine

The differences between ordinary and major depression depend on:

*a. intensity and duration.
b. when they occur in one's lifetime.
c. society and diet.
d. geographic location and gender.

Phencyclidine (PCP) produces:

a. increased stimulation of glutamate type NMDA receptors.
b. only positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
c. only negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
*d. decreased stimulation of glutamate type NMDA receptors.

Recent research findings suggest that compared to normal people, people with schizophrenia have:

a. more glutamate receptors.
b. fewer dopamine receptors.
c. a greater amount of glutamate release.
*d. fewer glutamate receptors.

Brain damage common to schizophrenia includes:

*a. larger than normal cerebral ventricles.
b. a proliferation of glial cells.
c. loss of axons between the substantia nigra and the basal ganglia.
d. a heavier forebrain.

According to the neurodevelopmental hypothesis, schizophrenia is based on abnormalities in the nervous system which develop during:

a. adulthood.
*b. prenatal or neonatal development.
c. adolescence.
d. childhood.

The concordance rate of schizophrenia among twins is:

a. higher in dizygotic than monozygotic twins.
b. very difficult to determine.
c. equally high in monozygotic and dizygotic twins.
*d. higher in monozygotic than dizygotic twins.

Acute schizophrenic has:

*a. sudden onset and good prospects for recovery.
b. alternation between positive and negative symptoms.
c. a mixture of positive and negative symptoms simultaneously.
d. slow onset and a long-term course.

Generally speaking, dopamine and glutamate have opposite effects in the prefrontal cortex.

*True  
False  

Antidepressant drugs have effects at the synapse within hours, but may take weeks to change behavior.

*True  
False  

Schizophrenia is Greek for:

*a. split mind.
b. premature deterioration of the mind.
c. hallucinations.
d. multiple personality.

For best results, people suffering from SAD should be exposed to artificial bright light in the:

a. evening.
*b. morning.
c. middle of the night.
d. afternoon.

Lithium is most commonly prescribed for which disorder?

a. reactive depression
b. seasonal affective disorder
*c. bipolar disorder
d. endogenous depression

A cycle from depression to mania and back to depression again usually lasts:

*a. a variable time, depending on the individual.
b. only a few days.
c. a year or more.
d. no longer than a month.

One way to administer electroconvulsive shock with minimal memory impairment is limit application to only the:

a. anterior half of the brain.
b. left hemisphere.
c. posterior half of the brain.
*d. right hemisphere.

The risk of provoking a heart attack with ECT is:

*a. low except in elderly patients.
b. low except in men.
c. relatively high which is why it requires a physician and anesthetics.
d. low except in children.

Antidepressant drugs initially __________ the amount of neurotransmitter present at the synapses and gradually __________ the sensitivity of the postsynaptic receptors to that transmitter.

a. decrease; increase
b. decrease; decrease
*c. increase; decrease
d. increase; increase

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors operate similarly to:

a. MAOIs.
b. Antabuse.
*c. tricyclics.
d. L-Dopa.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of depression?

a. inactivity
b. sleep disorders
*c. impulsiveness
d. suicidal tendencies

Compared to other people, individuals who "hold their liquor well" (feeling little intoxication after drinking a moderate amount) are:

a. equally likely to become alcoholics, but more likely to recover and quit alcohol.
b. less likely to become alcoholics.
*c. more likely to become alcoholics.
d. equally likely to become alcoholics, but less likely to become violent under the influence of alcohol.

Cannabinoid chemicals (such as the active component of marijuana) affect synapses by

*a. decreasing the release of both glutamate and GABA.
b. blocking the activity of second messengers.
c. decreasing the synthesis of dopamine and norepinephrine.
d. stimulating endorphin receptors.

Pert and Snyder's discovery that opiates bind with certain receptors led to what other discovery?

*a. the endogenous chemicals that bind with those receptors
b. other classes of receptors with which opiates will bind
c. the functions of inhibitory synapses
d. more effective ways of manufacturing the drugs

At high doses, MDMA:

a. stimulates axons that release acetylcholine.
*b. destroys axons that release dopamine and serotonin.
c. destroys axons in humans, but not in laboratory rats.
d. destroys axons that release acetylcholine.

At the synapse, amphetamine:

a. decreases the sensitivity of dopamine receptors.
b. increases the sensitivity of dopamine receptors.
c. blocks the breakdown of dopamine.
*d. increases the release of dopamine from the presynaptic terminal.

A symptom of right-hemisphere parietal lobe damage is the tendency to ignore the:

a. dorsal areas of the body.
b. ventral areas of the body.
c. ipsilateral side of the body and world.
*d. contralateral side of the body and world.

Right-handed people can have left-handed children.

*True  
False  

More typical of dyslexic people than of other people is:

*a. a bilaterally symmetrical cerebral cortex.
b. a planum temporale that is larger in the left hemisphere than the right hemisphere.
c. an overresponsive magnocellular pathway in the visual system.
d. damage to the posterior portion of the corpus callosum.

A person with anomia would have the most difficulty with:

a. reaching out to touch objects.
b. understanding written, as opposed to spoken, language.
*c. remembering the names of objects.
d. speaking rapidly and fluently.

In most people, the right hemisphere is dominant for speech.

True  
*False

Trunk and facial muscles are controlled by both hemispheres of the brain.

*True  
False  

Someone suffering from Wernicke's aphasia has difficulty:

a. reading aloud.
b. articulating speech.
c. using prepositions and conjunctions.
*d. understanding speech.

Broca's aphasia patients have difficult understanding language in that they cannot:

*a. understand a sentence if its meaning depends on word order or grammatical devices.
b. remember the meaning of nouns, especially unusual nouns.
c. understand a sentence if its meaning depends on verbs.
d. hear many of the words spoken.

Someone with Broca's aphasia has the greatest difficulty:

a. remembering the names of objects.
b. understanding written language.
*c. speaking.
d. understanding spoken language.

Dyslexia is a problem with producing speech.

True  
*False  

One way to test the hypothesis that people are biologically adapted to learn best during a critical period is to:

a. determine whether people learn a second language better than a first language.
b. compare the vocabularies of children and adults.
c. compare the grammar use of children and adults.
*d. determine whether people learn a second language if they start at various ages.

The language of children with Williams syndrome is:

a. a byproduct of their intelligence.
b. comparable to children with other forms of mental retardation.
*c. comparable to that of a normal adult's second language.
d. impossible to understand.

The corpus callosum is the only commissure connecting the left and right hemispheres.

True  
*False

Emotional facial expressions are more easily recognized by the left hemisphere.

True  
*False

People in one family have a gene that seriously impairs language without decreasing overall intelligence. This observation argues AGAINST the theory that:

a. language learning is based on a "language acquisition device."
b. language evolved from a precursor ability present in other primates.
c. intelligence consists of a series of more or less separate "modules."
*d. language evolved as a byproduct of selection for overall intelligence.

Studies of nonhuman language abilities call attention to the:

a. close relationship between language and brain size.
*b. difficulty of defining language.
c. ability of many species to learn language.
d. close relationship between language and classical conditioning.

Early studies taught chimpanzees to use symbols to communicate with a computer and each other. Which of the following does NOT characterize their use of symbols?

a. They consistently used the same symbol patterns.
*b. They frequently used new and original combinations.
c. They learned to type messages to other chimps.
d. They frequently made requests.

Wernicke's aphasia is primarily a problem of speech production.

True  
*False  

What kind of task is most likely to require activity by just one hemisphere, instead of both?

a. visual task
*b. very simple task
c. very complicated task
d. auditory task

Temporary inactivation of the left hemisphere would interfere with language the most in people who were:

*a. left hemisphere dominant for speech.
b. right hemisphere dominant for speech.
c. bilateral dominant for speech.
d. born without a corpus callosum.

The areas of the brain that have traditionally been labeled as language centers are also probably involved in other non-language functions.

*True  
False

One of the main problems in determining if nonhuman species have language is being able to accurately define what language is.

*True  
False

Which of the following tasks would children with the highest ratio of left to right planum temporale perform better than children with an equal ratio?

a. doing a puzzle
b. riding a bicycle
*c. writing a play
d. composing music

Control of the emotional content of speech depends on:

a. both hemispheres equally.
b. the left hemisphere.
c. the corpus callosum.
*d. the right hemisphere.

Which of the following tasks would split-brain patients be able to perform better than other people?

*a. Using both hands simultaneously to draw separate shapes.
b. Unfamiliar tasks.
c. Completing an intelligence test.
d. Tying their shoes.

Damage to the corpus callosum prevents:

a. release of pituitary hormones.
b. hallucinations.
*c. exchange of information between the two hemispheres.
d. exchange of information between pre- and postsynaptic membranes.

Generally speaking, drugs used to treat epilepsy work by:

a. causing apoptosis.
b. preventing the sodium-potassium pump from working.
*c. enhancing the effects of GABA.
d. relaxing the cell membrane.

Spatial neglect is more common after damage to the left hemisphere than the right hemisphere.

True  
*False  

The left hemisphere of the human brain receives visual input from the:

a. retina of the left eye.
b. retina of the right eye.
c. right half of each retina.
*d. left half of each retina.

In most humans, control of language is centered in the:

a. corpus callosum.
*b. left hemisphere.
c. right hemisphere.
d. cerebellum.

One of the main problems in determining if nonhuman species have language is being able to accurately define what language is.

*True  
False  

People born without a corpus callosum can perform many tasks that split-brain patients fail.

*True  
False  

In many instances, spatial neglect appears to be linked to ________ problems.

a. sensory
b. motor
c. attention
*d. cognitive

A symptom of right-hemisphere parietal lobe damage is the tendency to ignore the:

a. ipsilateral side of the body and world.
b. ventral areas of the body.
*c. dorsal areas of the body.
d. contralateral side of the body and world.

Damage in the left hemisphere often produces significant neglect of the right side.

True  
*False  

Spatial neglect is more common after damage to the left hemisphere than the right hemisphere.

True  
*False  

More typical of dyslexic people than of other people is:

a. an overresponsive magnocellular pathway in the visual system.
*b. a bilaterally symmetrical cerebral cortex.
c. a planum temporale that is larger in the left hemisphere than the right hemisphere.
d. damage to the posterior portion of the corpus callosum.

A person with anomia would have the most difficulty with:

a. reaching out to touch objects.
*b. remembering the names of objects.
c. speaking rapidly and fluently.
d. understanding written, as opposed to spoken, language.

Someone suffering from Wernicke's aphasia has difficulty:

*a. understanding speech.
b. reading aloud.
c. using prepositions and conjunctions.
d. articulating speech.

Trunk and facial muscles are controlled by both hemispheres of the brain.

*True  
False  

Someone with Broca's aphasia is least likely to use:

*a. prepositions and conjunctions.
b. nouns.
c. verbs.
d. adjectives and adverbs.

Someone with Broca's aphasia has the greatest difficulty:

a. understanding spoken language.
b. understanding written language.
*c. speaking.
d. remembering the names of objects.

One way to test the hypothesis that people are biologically adapted to learn best during a critical period is to:

a. determine whether people learn a second language better than a first language.
b. compare the vocabularies of children and adults.
c. compare the grammar use of children and adults.
*d. determine whether people learn a second language if they start at various ages.

Observations of Williams syndrome indicate that language is not simply a by-product of overall intelligence.

*True  
False

The language of children with Williams syndrome is:

*a. comparable to that of a normal adult's second language.
b. comparable to children with other forms of mental retardation.
c. impossible to understand.
d. a byproduct of their intelligence.

Studies of nonhuman language abilities call attention to the:

a. ability of many species to learn language.
b. close relationship between language and classical conditioning.
*c. difficulty of defining language.
d. close relationship between language and brain size.

The right hemisphere is dominant for recognizing both pleasant and unpleasant emotions in others.

*True  
False

In most people, the right hemisphere is dominant for speech.

True  
*False  

Early studies taught chimpanzees to use symbols to communicate with a computer and each other. Which of the following does NOT characterize their use of symbols?

a. They learned to type messages to other chimps.
b. They frequently made requests.
*c. They frequently used new and original combinations.
d. They consistently used the same symbol patterns.

The ability to produce new combinations of signals to represent new ideas, such as with language, is known as:

a. conjunctivity.
b. implicit memory.
*c. productivity.
d. lateralization.

In people born without a corpus callosum can compensate for a lack of corpus callosum because of the extra development of the:

*a. commissures.
b. thalamus.
c. brainstem.
d. fornix.

The planum temporale is larger in the:

a. left hemisphere but only for newborns.
b. right hemisphere for most people.
*c. left hemisphere for most people.
d. right hemisphere but only for newborns.

Control of the emotional content of speech depends on:

*a. the right hemisphere.
b. the corpus callosum.
c. both hemispheres equally.
d. the left hemisphere.

The parallels between language and music are sufficient to suggest that they arose together.

True  
*False

Wernicke's aphasia is primarily a problem of speech production.

True  
*False  

Which of the following tasks would split-brain patients be able to perform better than other people?

*a. Using both hands simultaneously to draw separate shapes.
b. Tying their shoes.
c. Completing an intelligence test.
d. Unfamiliar tasks.

Several patients have had their corpus callosum cut surgically as a treatment for severe cases of:

a. schizophrenia.
b. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
*c. epilepsy.
d. dyslexia.

In general, drugs that treat epilepsy work by:

a. relaxing the cell membrane.
b. causing apoptosis.
*c. enhancing the effects of GABA.
d. preventing the sodium-potassium pump from working.

The right hemisphere of the human brain receives visual input from the:

a. retina of the right eye.
b. left half of each retina.
c. retina of the left eye.
*d. right half of each retina.

In most humans, control of language is centered in the:

a. right hemisphere.
b. corpus callosum.
c. cerebellum.
*d. left hemisphere.

Which of the following is more likely to be present in people with dyslexia?

a. weak eye muscles
*b. bilateral symmetry in the cortex
c. larger than normal corpus callosum
d. stuttering

A person with Wernicke's aphasia:

a. similar to that of normal people who are just highly distracted.
*b. resembles a student in a foreign language class that hasn't studied the vocabularly list very well.
c. can't produce speech.
d. can't recognize musical notes.

Anomia involves difficulty:

a. understanding written, as opposed to spoken, language.
*b. remembering the names of objects.
c. using prepositions and conjunctions.
d. speaking rapidly and fluently.

People with Broca's aphasia speak meaningfully but:

a. omit nouns and verbs.
b. do so without feeling.
c. do so in a monotone.
*d. omit pronouns, tense and number endings.

The strongest evidence for a critical period for human language development is the:

a. exceptional language abilities of children with Williams syndrome.
b. differences in language between Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia.
*c. difficulty deaf children have learning sign language if they start late.
d. different lateralization of first language and second language.

The training of Kanzi differed from the earlier language studies using other chimpanzees in that Kanzi:

a. was given only verbal praise.
b. was raised from birth in a human family, in total isolation from other animals.
*c. observed his mother being trained while he was an infant.
d. was given food reinforcements for associating arbitrary symbols with meanings.

Language studies with Bonobo chimpanzees suggest that they:

*a. comprehend spoken language comparable to that of a 2 year old child.
b. can't learn language as well as common chimpanzees.
c. use symbols in the wild to communicate with each other.
d. can write as well as a 2 year old child.

What kind of task is most likely to require activity by just one hemisphere, instead of both?

a. auditory task
b. very complicated task
c. visual task
*d. very simple task

Which hemisphere is dominant for language in left-handed people?

a. The left hemisphere is dominant in about 99%.
b. The right hemisphere is dominant in about 99%.
c. The right hemisphere is usually dominant, but most left- handers have some control by both hemispheres.
*d. The left hemisphere is usually dominant, but most left-handers have some control by both hemispheres.

People born without a corpus callosum can perform some tasks as do people with a corpus callosum. They can perform these tasks because the:

a. two hemispheres communicate magnetically.
*b. brain's other commissures become larger than usual.
c. two hemispheres communicate through the exchange of hormones.
d. corpus callosum eventually does grow, to a degree.

A similarity between a young child and a split-brain patient is that both:

a. have trouble describing what they see through the left eye.
*b. have trouble comparing what they feel with the two hands at one time.
c. show frequent spontaneous changes in personality.
d. have a greater than normal number of back-and-forth eye movements.

If you are given directions composed of detailed information, they will be processed mainly by:

a. the right hemisphere in young children but the left hemisphere in adults.
b. the left hemisphere in young children but the right hemisphere in adults.
*c. the left hemisphere.
d. the right hemisphere.

Control of the emotional content of speech depends on:

a. the corpus callosum.
b. both hemispheres equally.
*c. the right hemisphere.
d. the left hemisphere.

A split-brain person watches as a picture is flashed in the left visual field. When asked, "Was it a round object?" he replies, "Yes. I mean no," when "no" is the correct answer. The patient gets the correct answer from:

a. information passed from the right hemisphere through a few regenerated axons.
*b. changes in facial expression controlled by the right hemisphere.
c. changes in blood flow to the left hemisphere.
d. axons that connect the speech areas directly to the right visual cortex.

A physician injects sodium amytal into the carotid artery on one side of the head during the:

    a.    hippocampal commissure test.
    b.    dichotic listening task.
    c.    split brain operation.
    *d.    Wada test.

A split-brain patient that was briefly shown an apple in the left visual field and a banana in the right visual field would report having seen:

    a.    a banana.
    *b.    an apple.
    c.    both.
    d.    neither.

The difficulty that people normally have with being able to perform separate tasks with each hand simultaneously is largely due to:

    a.    problems with the corpus callosum.
    *b.    difficulty planning two actions at once.
    c.    epilepsy.
    d.    inability of the muscles in the left and right hand to work at the same time.

The axons from the two eyes:

    a.    cross at the first cranial nerve.
    b.    do not cross in humans.
    c.    cross at the anterior commissure.
    *d.    cross at the optic chiasm.

Someone who suffered damage to the visual cortex of the left hemisphere would probably have impaired vision in the:

    a.    left eye.
    b.    right eye.
    *c.    right visual field.
    d.    left visual field.

In most humans, control of language is centered in the:

    *a.    left hemisphere.
    b.    cerebellum.
    c.    corpus callosum.
    d.    right hemisphere.

Drugs that block NMDA synapses:

    a.    interfere with the maintenance of LTP.
    b.    facilitate the establishment of LTP.
    *c.    prevent the establishment of LTP.
    d.    facilitate the maintenance of LTP.

In operant conditioning, an individual's response leads to a reinforcer or punishment.

*True  
False 

Which is known to be critical for long-term potentiation?

    *a.    A massive inflow of calcium.
    b.    High levels of magnesium.
    c.    Only one axon being active at a time.
    d.    The absence of NMDA receptors.

Procedural memory deals with the ability to state a memory in words.

True  
*False 

Which of the following is NOT a way in which CaMKII facilitates LTP?

    *a.    Neurons decrease dendritic branching.
    b.    Neurons produce more NMDA receptors.
    c.    Dendrites build more AMPA receptors.
    d.    Individual AMPA receptors become more active.

LTP depends mainly on changes at ________ synapses.

    a.    norepinephrine
    b.    dopamine
    c.    GABA
    *d.    glutamate

Drugs used to treat Alzheimer's disease affect activity of the cortex by enhancing the effects of acetylcholine.

*True  
False  

After LTP is established, NMDA receptors are not required to maintain it.

*True  
False  

If there is a burst of many stimulations to the mammalian nervous system during a one to four second period, it will result in:

    *a.    long-term potentiation of the cell's response to stimuli.
    b.    inhibition of the cell's response to stimuli for a few seconds.
    c.    long-term inhibition of the cell's response to stimuli.
    d.    potentiation of the cell's response to stimuli for a few seconds.

Strong stimulation anywhere on the skin of an Aplysia excites axons that attach to receptors and:

    a.    opens sodium channels in the membrane.
    *b.    closes potassium channels in the membrane.
    c.    opens potassium channels in the membrane.
    d.    closes sodium channels in the membrane.

Information in short term memory is lost more easily than long term memory.

*True  
False  

Lashley was able to determine that the frontal lobe cortex is more important for memories than the parietal lobe cortex.

True  
*False

One line of research that initially appeared promising, but has since faded, was to study learning in decapitated:

    a.    rats.
    b.    fish.
    c.    monkeys.
    *d.    cockroaches.

One area, whose cells arouse the rest of the cortex, suffers consistent damage during Alzheimer's disease. This area is the:

    a.    hippocampus.
    b.    thalamus.
    *c.    basal forebrain.
    d.    hypothalamus.

HM was unable to form any kind of new memories after his surgery.

True  
*False  

Research with rats suggests that the risk for Alzheimer's disease can be reduced by eating a diet rich in:

    a.    protein.
    b.    thiamine.
    c.    carbohydrates.
    *d.    antioxidants.

Alzheimer's is associated with brain damage as a result of:

    a.    loss of cell bodies in the dorsomedial thalamus.
    *b.    tangles and plaques in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.
    c.    loss of the fibers connecting the substantia nigra to the basal ganglia.
    d.    an epileptic focus in the temporal lobe of the cortex.

Who is most likely to develop Korsakoff's syndrome?

    *a.    chronic alcoholics
    b.    those exposed to chronic stress
    c.    vegetarians
    d.    certain ethnic groups

Thiamine is necessary for the proper metabolism of glucose.

*True  
False  

Hippocampal damage has the greatest effect on:

    *a.    the delayed match-to-sample task when the two objects are continuously changed.
    b.    the delayed match-to-sample task when the same two objects are used over and over again.
    c.    procedural memory.
    d.    the delayed nonmatch-to-sample task when the same two objects are used over and over again.

A peculiarity of the memory of the neurological patient HM was that he was able to:

    a.    remember people's names but not which name went with which person.
    *b.    retain new skills but not remember having learned them.
    c.    form new long-term memories but not short-term memories.
    d.    find his way to a new residence.

Which of the following drug types is most promising for treating people with failing memory?

    a.    endorphins
    b.    tranquilizers
    c.    depressants
    *d.    stimulants

The general function of working memory is to:

    *a.    attend to and operate on current information.
    b.    store memories of life events permanently.
    c.    store information related to repetitious motor movements.
    d.    hold information until it has time to get to long-term storage.

Research indicates that the red nucleus is necessary for:

    a.    the learning AND performance of a conditioned response.
    *b.    the performance of a conditioned response.
    c.    suppression of the conditioned response.
    d.    the learning of a conditioned response.

In studies that paired a tone with an air puff to the cornea of rabbits, learning was found to depend on one nucleus of the:

    a.    hypothalamus.
    b.    thalamus.
    c.    hippocampus.
    *d.    cerebellum.

Karl Lashley called the physical basis of learning a(n):

    *a.    engram.
    b.    plaque.
    c.    synapse.
    d.    amyloid.

In operant conditioning, punishment is:

    a.    a stimulus that produces a reflexive response.
    *b.    an event that decreases the future probability of a response.
    c.    an event that prevents a response.
    d.    an event that increases the future probability of a response.

Habituation is a decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly and accompanied by no change in other stimuli.

*True  
False 

A distinctive symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is confabulation, in which patients guess to fill in memory gaps.

*True  
False  

In Pavlov's experiments he presented a sound followed by meat. Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation. The meat in this experiment was the:

    a.    unconditioned response.
    b.    conditioned response.
    c.    conditioned stimulus.
    *d.    unconditioned stimulus.

Once LTP has been established:

    a.    it fades quickly.
    *b.    the AMPA receptors are more responsive to glutamate.
    c.    AMPA receptors convert into NMDA receptors.
    d.    it remains dependent on NMDA synapses.

At many hippocampal synapses, long-term potentiation depends on the activation of NMDA receptors, which are responsive to:

    a.    norepinephrine.
    b.    dopamine.
    c.    GABA.
    *d.    glutamate.

Pairing a weak input with a strong input enhances later responses to the weak input. This is known as the property of:

    a.    specificity.
    b.    LTD.
    c.    cooperativity
    *d.    associativity.

Why is the Aplysia such a popular animal for single-cell studies of learning?

    a.    Aplysia have greater learning abilities than other invertebrates.
    *b.    Individual cells identified in one animal can be recognized in another.
    c.    Aplysia have short-term learning but not long-term learning.
    d.    Aplysia have only two neurotransmitters, one excitatory and one inhibitory.

It is believed that Hebbian synapses may be critical for:

    a.    reflexes.
    *b.    associative learning.
    c.    color vision.
    d.    loudness perception.

One of the most heavily damaged areas in the brains of Alzheimer's patients is the:

    *a.    basal forebrain.
    b.    hippocampus.
    c.    thalamus.
    d.    hypothalamus.

Most researchers now believe that the accumulation of amyloid and tau protein:

    *a.    are partly the cause of Alzheimer's disease.
    b.    are byproducts of acetylcholine.
    c.    is a result of the Alzheimer's disease.
    d.    are byproducts of dying glial cells.

In some cases of Alzheimer's disease that run in families, the cause of the disease appears to involve which gene(s)?

    a.    a series of genes on chromosome 4
    *b.    genes on several different chromosomes
    c.    a gene on the X chromosome
    d.    a gene on the Y chromosome

Restlessness, depression, hallucinations and loss of appetite all accompany:

    a.    Korsakoff's syndrome.
    *b.    Alzheimer's disease.
    c.    Aplysia.
    d.    confabulation.

What memory task would a typical patient with Korsakoff's syndrome be able to do without difficulty?

    a.    remember someone he or she met in the past week
    b.    recall the temporal order of events
    *c.    an implicit memory task
    d.    an explicit memory task

Damage to the __________ produces symptoms similar to Korsakoff's syndrome.

    a.    basal ganglia
    b.    occipital cortex
    c.    precentral gyrus
    *d.    prefrontal cortex

An effective, early treatment for Korsakoff's syndrome is:

    *a.    thiamine.
    b.    glucose.
    c.    benzodiazepines.
    d.    choline.

"The meaning of a stimulus depends on what other stimuli are paired with it," is the definition of:

    a.    procedural memory.
    *b.    configural learning.
    c.    classical conditioning.
    d.    declarative memory.

A study with London taxi drivers found that answering __________ activated their hippocampus more than answering __________.

    a.    short questions; long questions
    b.    long questions; short questions
    c.    nonspatial questions; spatial questions
    *d.    spatial questions; nonspatial questions