For a group of individuals, the heritability score for a particular trait = .5. What can be said about the heredity of this trait?

For a group of individuals, the heritability score for a particular trait = .5. What can be said about the heredity of this trait?

a. Hereditary differences account for all of the observed differences for this group of individuals.
b. Hereditary differences account for none of the observed differences for this group of individuals.
c. Hereditary differences account for some of the observed differences for this group of individuals.
d. The differences found within this group are mostly due to differences in the environment.

If a group of individuals shares a highly similar environment, what effect does this have on the heritability estimate of a characteristic?

If a group of individuals shares a highly similar environment, what effect does this have on the heritability estimate of a characteristic?

a. Heritability will be low.
b. Heritability will be high.
c. Heritability estimates will be unaffected.
d. It is determined by the power of the environmental factors.

What are the chances of having a child with at least one dominant gene if both parents are heterozygous?

What are the chances of having a child with at least one dominant gene if both parents are heterozygous?

a. 25%
b. 50%
c. 75%
d. 100%
e. Can't determine

On a given trait, high heritability suggests that:

On a given trait, high heritability suggests that:

a. adopted children will closely resemble their biological parents.
b. adopted children will closely resemble their adoptive parents.
c. identical twins will be less similar to each other than adopted siblings.
d. fraternal twins will be more similar to each other than identical twins.

Under what conditions are the effects of sex-limited genes demonstrated?

Under what conditions are the effects of sex-limited genes demonstrated?

a. When they are dominant
b. When they are homozygous
c. When particular hormones are present
d. When they appear on the X chromosome

Which of the following is the BEST explanation for why males can grow breasts under certain hormonal conditions?

Which of the following is the BEST explanation for why males can grow breasts under certain hormonal conditions?

a. Sex-linked genes become activated.
b. The Y chromosome becomes activated.
c. Sex-limited genes become activated.
d. Breast growth is linked to color vision deficiency.

A gene is found that controls the age at which a man grows bald, if at all. That gene seldom affects women, even if they have the gene. What kind of gene is this MOST likely to be?

A gene is found that controls the age at which a man grows bald, if at all. That gene seldom affects women, even if they have the gene. What kind of gene is this MOST likely to be?

a. an X-linked gene
b. a sex-limited gene
c. a sex-linked dominant gene
d. a sex-linked recessive gene

Sex-limited genes are present:

Sex-limited genes are present:

a. in males only.
b. in females only.
c. in both sexes.
d. on enzymes.

Sex-limited genes are found on:

Sex-limited genes are found on:

a. X chromosomes only.
b. Y chromosomes only.
c. X AND Y chromosomes.
d. any chromosomes.

Males are more likely than females to exhibit color vision deficiency because of a gene that is:

Males are more likely than females to exhibit color vision deficiency because of a gene that is:

a. sex-limited.
b. recessive and sex-linked.
c. crossing over.
d. dominant and sex-linked.

Genes located on the sex chromosomes are called:

Genes located on the sex chromosomes are called:

a. sex-linked.
b. sex-limited.
c. autosomal.
d. recombination.

Color vision deficiency is more common in males than in females because it is controlled by a:

Color vision deficiency is more common in males than in females because it is controlled by a:

a. sex-limited gene.
b. Y-linked gene.
c. dominant X-linked gene.
d. recessive X-linked gene.

An example of a sex-linked trait is:

An example of a sex-linked trait is:

a. eye color.
b. color vision deficiency.
c. temperament.
d. intelligence.

If a characteristic is controlled by an X-linked recessive gene, it produces its apparent effects:

If a characteristic is controlled by an X-linked recessive gene, it produces its apparent effects:

a. more often in males.
b. more often in females.
c. only in childhood.
d. only after puberty.

In general, when biologists speak of sex-linked genes they are referring to genes on:

In general, when biologists speak of sex-linked genes they are referring to genes on:

a. autosomal chromosomes.
b. more than one chromosome.
c. the X chromosome.
d. the Y chromosome.

In humans, which chromosome(s) contain(s) few genes?

In humans, which chromosome(s) contain(s) few genes?

a. All human chromosomes contain few genes.
b. Both the X and Y chromosomes contain few genes.
c. The X chromosome contains few genes.
d. The Y chromosome contains few genes.

Which of the following pairs of sex chromosomes would be found in a normal male mammal?

Which of the following pairs of sex chromosomes would be found in a normal male mammal?

a. XX
b. XY
c. YY
d. YZ

An autosomal gene is a gene:

An autosomal gene is a gene:

a. on the X chromosome.
b. on the Y chromosome.
c. on any chromosome other than the X or Y chromosome.
d. that shows no evidence of crossing over.

Almost all humans have 23 pairs of which of the following?

Almost all humans have 23 pairs of which of the following?

a. RNA
b. Chromosomes
c. Genes
d. Corduroys
e. Veins

Suppose that adopted children are more similar to their biological parents than their adoptive parents in their preferences for a flavor of ice cream. Which of the following would be true?

Suppose that adopted children are more similar to their biological parents than their adoptive parents in their preferences for a flavor of ice cream. Which of the following would be true?

a. Heritability of this trait is high.
b. Preferences for ice cream are determined solely by the environment.
c. Flavors of ice cream are naturally selected.
d. Heritability of this trait is low.

A trait not expressed when combined with a dominant trait is called a(n) ____ trait.

A trait not expressed when combined with a dominant trait is called a(n) ____ trait.

a. nurture
b. recessive
c. dominant
d. homozygous

Suppose all people with blonde hair have blue eyes and all people with dark hair have brown eyes. Which of the following would be the most likely explanation?

Suppose all people with blonde hair have blue eyes and all people with dark hair have brown eyes. Which of the following would be the most likely explanation?

a. Hair color is dominant over eye color.
b. There is no genetic variability in hair or eye color in the population.
c. Blue eyes are dominant over brown eyes.
d. Hair and eye color are on the same chromosome.

Suppose all people with blonde hair have blue eyes and all people with dark hair have brown eyes. If the genes for eye and hair color are on the same chromosome, then what would most likely happen if these chromosomes crossed over?

Suppose all people with blonde hair have blue eyes and all people with dark hair have brown eyes. If the genes for eye and hair color are on the same chromosome, then what would most likely happen if these chromosomes crossed over?

a. Hair and eye color could be inherited independently.
b. All people with dark hair would have brown eyes.
c. All people with blonde hair will have brown eyes.
d. Hair color would be dominant over eye color.

In one family, all three children are homozygous for a recessive gene. What can be concluded about the parents?

In one family, all three children are homozygous for a recessive gene. What can be concluded about the parents?

a. Each parent is also homozygous for the recessive gene.
b. Each parent is heterozygous.
c. One parent is homozygous for the dominant gene; the other is homozygous for the recessive gene.
d. Each parent is either homozygous for the recessive gene or heterozygous.

Suppose both the father and the mother are "heterozygous" for the gene that controls ability to curl the tongue lengthwise, and this gene is dominant. What can we predict about their children?

Suppose both the father and the mother are "heterozygous" for the gene that controls ability to curl the tongue lengthwise, and this gene is dominant. What can we predict about their children?

a. All will be heterozygous for the ability to curl.
b. All will be homozygous for the ability to curl.
c. All will be homozygous for the inability to curl.
d. They may be homozygous or heterozygous for ability to curl, or homozygous for inability.

Suppose "A" is a dominant gene for the ability to curl the tongue lengthwise, and "a" is a recessive gene for inability to do so. Which of the following couples can be certain that all their children will be able to curl their tongue lengthwise?

Suppose "A" is a dominant gene for the ability to curl the tongue lengthwise, and "a" is a recessive gene for inability to do so. Which of the following couples can be certain that all their children will be able to curl their tongue lengthwise?

a. father aa, mother AA
b. father Aa, mother Aa
c. father aa, mother aa
d. father Aa, mother aa

Suppose "A" is a dominant gene for the ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide and "a" is a recessive gene for inability to taste it. Which of the following couples could possibly have both a child who tastes it and a child who does not?

Suppose "A" is a dominant gene for the ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide and "a" is a recessive gene for inability to taste it. Which of the following couples could possibly have both a child who tastes it and a child who does not?

a. father AA, mother aa
b. father Aa, mother AA
c. father Aa, mother Aa
d. father AA, mother AA

Suppose "A" is a dominant gene and "a" is a recessive gene. One parent has genes Aa and the other parent has genes aa. What genes will the children probably have?

Suppose "A" is a dominant gene and "a" is a recessive gene. One parent has genes Aa and the other parent has genes aa. What genes will the children probably have?

a. All will be AA.
b. All will be aa.
c. Three-fourths will be Aa, one-fourth aa.
d. Half will be Aa, half aa.

Recessive genes manifest their effects only when the individual is ____ for them.

Recessive genes manifest their effects only when the individual is ____ for them.

a. sex limited
b. homo sapien
c. homozygous
d. heterozygous

A person with two recessive genes is considered to be ____ for that trait.

A person with two recessive genes is considered to be ____ for that trait.

a. homozygous
b. heterozygous
c. unitary
d. marginal

RNA is:

RNA is:

a. an exact copy of DNA.
b. a complementary copy of one strand of a DNA molecule.
c. a combination of many proteins.
d. the product of digesting DNA.

Chemically, what is the route from genes to their expression?

Chemically, what is the route from genes to their expression?

a. DNA to proteins to RNA
b. DNA to RNA to proteins
c. proteins to DNA to RNA
d. RNA to DNA to proteins

Interruption of the production of RNA would directly affect which of the following?

Interruption of the production of RNA would directly affect which of the following?

a. protein synthesis
b. carbohydrate production
c. sex hormone release
d. production of DNA

Enzymes serve as ____.

Enzymes serve as ____.

a. genetic templates
b. physiological markers of chemical reactions in the body
c. biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body
d. catalysts for the synthesis of protein molecules

Biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body are called:

Biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body are called:

a. enzymes.
b. DNA.
c. RNA.
d. nuclei.

A strand of DNA serves as a template (model) for the synthesis of ____.

A strand of DNA serves as a template (model) for the synthesis of ____.

a. chromosomes
b. RNA
c. Proteins
d. Carbohydrates

Chromosomes consist of large, double-stranded molecules of:

Chromosomes consist of large, double-stranded molecules of:

a. deoxyribonucleic acid.
b. ribonucleic acid.
c. autosomal genes.
d. recombination genes.

What are chromosomes composed of?

What are chromosomes composed of?

a. DNA
b. RNA
c. proteins
d. carbohydrates

Units of heredity that maintain their structural identity from one generation to another are:

Units of heredity that maintain their structural identity from one generation to another are:

a. enzymes.
b. mutations.
c. nucleic acids.
d. genes.

The results of several studies of facial expressions in people who were born blind suggest:

The results of several studies of facial expressions in people who were born blind suggest:

a. a minor role for genetics in the control of facial expressions.
b. a major role for genetics as well as environment in the control of facial expressions.
c. no role of genetics in the control of facial expressions.
d. no role of genetics but a major role of environment in the control of facial expressions.

When researchers try to estimate the heritability of a human behavior, what are the main kinds of individuals they consider?

When researchers try to estimate the heritability of a human behavior, what are the main kinds of individuals they consider?

a. Twins and adopted children
b. People from non-western cultures
c.  Newborns and infants
d. Uneducated people living in educated societies

Of the following, which person is MOST likely to deal exclusively with brain disorders?

Of the following, which person is MOST likely to deal exclusively with brain disorders?

a. social worker
b. physical therapist
c. clinical psychologist
d. neurologist

Which of the following specialists would be MOST interested in changes in heart rate when students are taking an exam?

Which of the following specialists would be MOST interested in changes in heart rate when students are taking an exam?

a. neurologist
b. sociobiologist
c. psychophysiologist
d. neuroscientist

A psychiatrist:

A psychiatrist:

a. helps people with emotional distress.
b. performs brain surgery.
c. treats people with brain damage.
d. relates behaviors to the functions they have served in their evolutionary past.

Which of the following specialists is MOST likely to work with people with brain damage?

Which of the following specialists is MOST likely to work with people with brain damage?

a. comparative psychologist
b. biopsychologist
c. neuropsychologist
d. psychobiologist

Which of the following specialists is MOST likely to hold a medical degree?

Which of the following specialists is MOST likely to hold a medical degree?

a. behavioral neuroscientist
b. neurologist
c. biopsychologist
d. neuropsychologist

A medical degree is MOST likely held by which specialist?

A medical degree is MOST likely held by which specialist?

a. behavioral neuroscientist
b. neurologist
c. biopsychologist
d. neuropsychologist

A comparative psychologist:

A comparative psychologist:

a. compares the reactions different people have in similar situations.
b. considers the evolutionary histories of different species and their behaviors.
c. compares nervous system responses of different people.
d. helps people with emotional distress.

A neuropsychologist ____.

A neuropsychologist ____.

a. has an M.D. and specializes in the treatment of brain damage
b. conducts research on animal behavior (similar to an ethologist)
c. is more often a teacher than a practitioner
d. tests the abilities and disabilities of brain-damaged people

Someone who investigates how the functioning of the brain and other organs influences behavior is called a:

Someone who investigates how the functioning of the brain and other organs influences behavior is called a:

a. sociobiologist.
b. neuropsychologist.
c. behavioral neuroscientist.
d. comparative psychologist.

A researcher is interested in how the nervous system responds when the organism is in a certain emotional situation. This researcher might be identified as a(n):

A researcher is interested in how the nervous system responds when the organism is in a certain emotional situation. This researcher might be identified as a(n):

a. neuroscientist.
b. neurosurgeon.
c. sociobiologist.
d. comparative psychologist.

Which of the following careers is MOST different than the others?

Which of the following careers is MOST different than the others?

a. Behavioral neuroscientist
b. Neuropsychologist
c. Psychophysiologist
d. Psychiatrist

According to Chalmers, knowing why and how brain activity is associated with consciousness is the:

According to Chalmers, knowing why and how brain activity is associated with consciousness is the:

a. mentalistic debate.
b. hard problem.
c. easy problem.
d. problem of other minds.

Chalmers’ fundamental “hard problem” is:

Chalmers’ fundamental “hard problem” is:

a. knowing why we sleep.
b. understanding how neurotransmitters are created.
c. wondering how someone could be a dualist.
d. why and how brain activity is associated with consciousness.

According to David Chalmers, consciousness is:

According to David Chalmers, consciousness is:

a. a fundamental property of matter.
b. not necessary for brain functioning.
c. easy to observe.
d. independent of the brain.

Social workers and clinical psychologists need to be able to recognize possible signs of brain disorder so that they can:

Social workers and clinical psychologists need to be able to recognize possible signs of brain disorder so that they can:

a. set up treatment.
b. refer the client to the proper specialist.
c. construct a behavior plan.
d. monitor progress.

The field of biological psychology presents a range of career options in ____ and ____. a. research; sociology b. therapy; philosophy c. research; therapy d. therapy; sociology

The field of biological psychology presents a range of career options in ____ and ____.

a. research; sociology
b. therapy; philosophy
c. research; therapy
d. therapy; sociology

A director position in research would normally require at least a ____.

A director position in research would normally require at least a ____.

a. Ph.D.
b. master’s degree
c. bachelor’s degree
d. research certificate

A stroke patient might seek the aid of a(n) ____ to increase the functions of daily life.

A stroke patient might seek the aid of a(n) ____ to increase the functions of daily life.

a. neuroscientist
b. clinical psychologist
c. occupational therapist
d. neurochemist

A ____ helps people with emotional distress or troublesome behaviors, sometimes using drugs or other medical procedures.

A ____ helps people with emotional distress or troublesome behaviors, sometimes using drugs or other medical procedures.

a. clinical psychologist
b. psychiatrist
c. neuropsychologist
d. counseling psychologist

Most ____ have a mixture of psychological and medical training, and they work in hospitals and clinics.

Most ____ have a mixture of psychological and medical training, and they work in hospitals and clinics.

a. neurochemists
b. neuropsychologists
c. neurologists
d. neuroscientists

A(n) ____ investigates the chemical reactions in the brain.

A(n) ____ investigates the chemical reactions in the brain.

a. neurochemist
b. psychophysiologist
c. comparative psychologist
d. neurologist

Fields that focus on research include all of the following except:

Fields that focus on research include all of the following except:

a. neuroscience.
b. neuropsychology.
c. neurochemistry.
d. neurology.

Each of the following requires a Ph.D. except for a ____.

Each of the following requires a Ph.D. except for a ____.

a. clinical psychologist
b. counseling psychologist
c. school psychologist
d. social worker

The sea dragon is a fish that looks and acts like kelp in order to attract its food. The explanation that proposed that this is due to genetic modification that expands smaller appendages already present in these fish’s ancestors would be the ____ explanation.

The sea dragon is a fish that looks and acts like kelp in order to attract its food. The explanation that proposed that this is due to genetic modification that expands smaller appendages already present in these fish’s ancestors would be the ____ explanation.

a. functional
b. evolutionary
c. otogenetic
d. biological

The use of certain behaviors for camouflage is something that would be covered with the ____ explanation.

The use of certain behaviors for camouflage is something that would be covered with the ____ explanation.

a. functional
b. otogenetic
c. evolutionary
d. physiological

In furry animals, the erection of hairs helps the animal:

In furry animals, the erection of hairs helps the animal:

a. show fear.
b. hide.
c. look intimidating.
d. get warm.

The erections of hairs on the body, most often around arms and shoulders are called:

The erections of hairs on the body, most often around arms and shoulders are called:

a. static.
b. fur.
c. goose bumps.
d. insulation.

Goose bumps ____ in humans.

Goose bumps ____ in humans.

a. show fear
b. show anger
c. create intimidation
d. no longer serve a purpose

The explanation that would be used to call attention to the presence of goose bumps in humans would be the ____ explanation.

The explanation that would be used to call attention to the presence of goose bumps in humans would be the ____ explanation.

a. evolutionary
b. otogenetic
c. neurological
d. physiological

The ____ explanation calls attention to features left over from ancestors that serve little or no function in descendants.

The ____ explanation calls attention to features left over from ancestors that serve little or no function in descendants.

a. otogenetic
b. physiological
c. evolutionary
d. biological

The view of the brain from below is called the ____ view.

The view of the brain from below is called the ____ view.

a. anterior
b. linear
c. ventral
d. dorsal

The view of the brain from above is called the ____ view.

The view of the brain from above is called the ____ view.

a. anterior
b. ventral
c. dorsal
d. posterior

The brain has an enormous number of ____ and ____.

The brain has an enormous number of ____ and ____.

a. sections; spaces
b. divisions; subareas
c. appendages; spaces
d. sections; subareas

Biological psychology is a field of study and a ____.

Biological psychology is a field of study and a ____.

a. fundamental property
b. string theory
c. way to understand our place in the cosmos
d. point of view

In addition to when you are in a dreamless sleep, consciousness does not occur when you are ____

In addition to when you are in a dreamless sleep, consciousness does not occur when you are ____

a. in a coma.
b. daydreaming.
c. watching television.
d. exercising.

Consciousness does not occur when:

Consciousness does not occur when:

a. you are awake.
b. are dreaming.
c. You are daydreaming.
d. you are in a dreamless sleep.

Consciousness occurs:

Consciousness occurs:

a. in all kinds of nervous systems some of the time.
b. In certain parts of certain kinds of nervous system all of the time.
c. in certain parts of certain kinds of nervous systems some of the time.
d. in all kinds of nervous systems all of the time.

An adult male sparrow sings its normal song:

An adult male sparrow sings its normal song:

a. if he hears the song during a sensitive period early in his life.
b. only when he hears a female bird singing.
c. if his own species' song is the first song he hears when young.
d. regardless of whether or not he has ever heard his species' song from another bird.

Which of the following would be a physiological explanation for why birds sing?

Which of the following would be a physiological explanation for why birds sing?

a. Testosterone causes the growth of certain brain areas which control singing in certain birds.
b. Birds sing due to instinct.
c. Birds sing because they hear their song early in life and form a template which controls later singing.
d.  Birds sing to defend territories and attract mates.

Which of the following would be a functional explanation for why birds sing?

Which of the following would be a functional explanation for why birds sing?

a. Testosterone causes the growth of certain brain areas which control singing in certain birds.
b. Birds sing due to instinct.
c. Birds sing because they hear their song early in life and form a template which controls later singing.
d. Birds sing to defend territories and attract mates.

In certain species of songbirds, development of the song requires the opportunity to hear the appropriate song during a sensitive period in life as well as the genes to prepare them to learn the song. This is a(n) ____ explanation of birdsong.

In certain species of songbirds, development of the song requires the opportunity to hear the appropriate song during a sensitive period in life as well as the genes to prepare them to learn the song. This is a(n) ____ explanation of birdsong.

a. physiological
b. ontogenetic
c. evolutionary
d. functional

In most bird species, only the male sings and then only in his territory during the reproductive season. This is to attract females and to ward off other males, which serves to improve their chances of mating. This behavior demonstrates:

In most bird species, only the male sings and then only in his territory during the reproductive season. This is to attract females and to ward off other males, which serves to improve their chances of mating. This behavior demonstrates:

a. that physiological explanations are preferred over other kinds of explanations.
b. learning during a critical period.
c. that physiological, ontogenetic, evolutionary, and functional explanations are mutually exclusive.
d. how physiological, ontogenetic, evolutionary, and functional explanations can all be used to explain the same behavior.

A(n) ____ explanation of human behavior is often controversial, because many behaviors alleged to be part of our evolutionary heritage could have been learned instead.

A(n) ____ explanation of human behavior is often controversial, because many behaviors alleged to be part of our evolutionary heritage could have been learned instead.

a. physiological
b. ontogenetic
c. evolutionary
d. functional

The amygdala appears to be an important part of the brain for experiencing fear. Which of the following is an example of a functional explanation of fear?

The amygdala appears to be an important part of the brain for experiencing fear. Which of the following is an example of a functional explanation of fear?

a. Describing the anatomical connections between the amygdala and other parts of the brain.
b. Describing the neurotransmitters involved in the activity of the amygdala.
c. Describing why fear improves the chances for survival.
d. Describing how fears develop in infancy.

In a small population of sheep, the dominant male may produce many more offspring than the other males, spreading his genes. This is an example of:

In a small population of sheep, the dominant male may produce many more offspring than the other males, spreading his genes. This is an example of:

a. a physiological explanation.
b. artificial selection.
c. genetic drift.
d. recombination.

Which of the following is TRUE about genetic drift?

Which of the following is TRUE about genetic drift?

a. It occurs more often in large populations.
b. It occurs when species move to a new location.
c. It takes thousands of years to happen.
d. It occurs more often in small populations.

Which type of explanation describes the advantages provided by a particular structure or behavior?

Which type of explanation describes the advantages provided by a particular structure or behavior?

a. physiological
b. ontogenetic
c. evolutionary
d. functional

Which type of explanation might describe the presence of a behavior in a particular species by showing how that behavior increased the reproductive success of the species?

Which type of explanation might describe the presence of a behavior in a particular species by showing how that behavior increased the reproductive success of the species?

a. physiological
b. ontogenetic
c. evolutionary
d. solipsistic

How human language develops as the result of genes and the opportunity to hear language during a sensitive period in early life is an example of a(n) ____ explanation.

How human language develops as the result of genes and the opportunity to hear language during a sensitive period in early life is an example of a(n) ____ explanation.

a. physiological
b. ontogenetic
c. evolutionary
d. functional

A functional explanation of why giraffes have such long necks is that:

a. it lowers the blood pressure in their brains.
b. their necks became longer because they stretched them.
c. it allows them greater access to their food supply.
d. parent giraffes make their babies reach for food.

Having camouflage that matches an animal’s typical surroundings in order to provide protection from predators is an example of a(n) ____ explanation.

a. evolutionary
b. functional
c. ontogenetic
d. physiological

An evolutionary explanation of why we get goose bumps when cold is that:

a. the sympathetic nervous system is activated.
b. we inherited the mechanism from our remote ancestors who had more hair.
c. it keeps us warm.
d. children are often raised in cold environments.

Mapping out the relationship between shared bone structures across different species suggests there is a(n) ____ explanation.

a. ontogenetic
b. evolutionary
c. behavioral
d. physiological

A person who studies the influence of genetic predisposition to be aggressive in combination with early aggressive experiences is seeking for a(n) ____ explanation.

a. physiological
b. behavioral
c. evolutionary
d. ontogenetic

Understanding differences in intelligence as a function of early learning experiences is an example of a(n) ____ explanation.

a. ontogenetic
b. physiological
c. functional
d. evolutionary

Explaining differences in running speed as a function of differences in muscle fiber types is an example of a(n) ____ explanation.

a. ontogenetic
b. physiological
c. evolutionary
d. functional

A(n) ____ explanation would describe eating in terms of the hypothalamus affecting insulin production, which affects the availability of glucose in cells.

a. physiological
b. ontogenetic
c. evolutionary
d. functional

Which type of explanation describes how a structure or behavior develops?

a. Physiological
b. Ontogenetic
c. Evolutionary
d. Functional

Understanding how genes, nutrition, and experience work together to produce a tendency toward a particular sexual orientation is an example of a(n) ____ explanation.

a. ontogenetic
b. evolutionary
c. functional
d. common sense

A(n) ____ describes how a structure or behavior develops, including the influences of genes, nutrition, experiences, and their interactions.

a. functional
b. ontogenetic
c. physiological
d. evolutionary

A(n) ____ explanation describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did.

a. functional
b. ontogenetic
c. physiological
d. evolutionary

If a person believes that hormones released at different stages of the menstrual cycle affect a person’s mood, then it would be considered a(n) ____ explanation.

a. functional
b. ontogenetic
c. physiological
d. evolutionary

A fundamental property is one that ____.

a. answers all questions
b. occurs only in certain parts of the nervous system
c. cannot be reduced to something else
d. cannot be explained

The question “Given this universe composed of matter and energy, why is there such a thing as consciousness?” is called the ____.

a. cosmic force question
b. mind-body problem
c. universal question
d. biological problem

Jill is interested in studying how hormones influence sexual behavior of rats. She is most likely a:

a. biological psychologist.
b. neuroscientist.
c. clinical psychologist.
d. psychiatrist.

Much of biological psychology concerns:

a. chemistry.
b. brain functioning.
c. neurology.
d. anatomy.

The primary difference between biological psychologists and neuroscientists is that neuroscientists place greater emphasis on studying:

a. chemistry.
b. psychology.
c. biology.
d. behavior.

At the microscopic level, we find two kinds of cells: ____.

a. molecules and mitochondria
b. mitochondria and glia
c. neurons and glia
d. neurons and molecules

Biological psychologists are primarily interested in the study of the physiological, evolutionary, and ____.

a. social influence on attitudes
b. developmental mechanisms of behavior and experience
c. use of reinforcement to change behavior
d. mental well-being of plants