Antipsychotic drugs
*Drugs used to relieve the symptoms of schizophrenia and other conditions with psychotic symptoms
Atypical Antidepressants
*Miscellaneous group of drugs with antidepressant effects but only mild side effects
Bipolar Disorder
*A condition that alternates between depression and mania
Bipolar I Disorder
*Condition including full-blown episodes of mania
Bipolar II Disorder
*Condition with milder manic phases and depression
Butyrophenones
*A chemical family that includes antipsychotic drugs (haloperidol) that relieve the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Chlorphromazine
*Thorazine – antipsychotic drug that relieves the positive symptoms of schizophrenia for most, though not all, patients
Concordance
*Similarity between individuals with regard to a trait
Delusions
*False beliefs
Differential Diagnosis
*One that rules out other conditions with similar symptoms
Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia
*Idea that schizophrenia results from excess activity at dopamine synapses in certain brain areas
Electroconvulsive Therapy
*ECT – a treatment for depression by electrically inducing a seizure
Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia
*Proposal that schizophrenia relates in part to deficient activity at glutamate synapses, especially in the prefrontal cortex
Lithium
*A simple salt often used in the treatment of bipolar disorder
Major Depression
*A condition in which people feel sad and helpless every day for weeks at a time
Mania
*A condition characterized by restless activity, excitement, laughter, over self-confidence, rambling speech, and loss of inhibitions
Mesolimbocortical System
*A set of neurons that project from the midbrain tegmentum to the limbic system
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
*MAOIs – Drugs that block the enzyme monoamine oxidase and used in the treatment of depression
Negative Symptoms
*A absence of behaviors ordinarily seen in normal people, e.g. lack of emotional expression
Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis
*Proposal that schizophrenia begins with abnormalities in the prenatal or neonatal development of the nervous system, based on either genetics or other influences
Phencyclidine
*PCP – drug that inhibits the NMDA receptors
Phenothiazines
*A chemical family that includes antipsychotic drugs (chlorpromazine) that relieve the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Positive Symptoms
*Presence of behaviors not seen in normal individuals, e.g., hallucinations
Postpartum Depression
*Major depression that occurs after giving birth
Schizophrenia
*A psychotic disorder characterized by a deteriorating ability to function in everyday life and by some combination of positive and negative symptoms
Seasonal Affective Disorder
*SAD – Depression that recurs during a particular season, such as winter
Season-of-Birth Effect
*Tendency for people born in winter to have a slightly greater probability of developing schizophrenia than people born at other times of the year
Second-generation Antipsychotics
*Drugs that alleviate the symptoms of schizophrenia without producing serious movement side effects
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
*Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin and used in the treatment of depression
Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
*Drugs that block the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine and used in the treatment of depression
Tardive Dyskinesia
*A movement disorder characterized by tremors and other involuntary movements; associated with the use of neuroleptic agents
Tricyclics
*Antidepressant drugs that block the reuptake of catecholamines and serotonin
Unipolar Depression
*Major depressive disorder with no manic or hypomanic episodes
Chapter 13 Biological Psychology Terms
Alzheimer’s Disease
*Neurological disorder characterized by memory loss, confusion, depression, restlessness, hallucinations, delusions, sleeplessness, and loss of appetite
Amnesia
*Memory loss
AMPA receptor
*A glutamate receptor that can respond to a a-amino-3-hydroxy-5methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
Amyloid-ß
*A protein that accumulates to a higher than normal level in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease
Anterograde Amnesia
*Inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage
Associativity
*Property that a weak input paired with a stronger input enhances its later response
BDNF
*Brain-derived neurotropic factor- a neurotrophin similar to nerve growth factor
Classical Conditioning
*Type of learning produced by the pairing of two stimuli, one of which evokes an automatic response
Cooperativity
*Tendency for nearly simultaneous stimulation by two or more axons to produce long-term potentiation much more effectively than stimulation by just one
Conditioned Response
*Response evoked by a conditioned stimulus after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
*Stimulus that evokes a particular response only after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Confabulation
*A distinctive symptom of Korsakoff’s syndrome in which patients fill in memory gaps with guesses
Consolidation
*To strengthen a memory and make it more long-lasting
Declarative Memory
*Deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory
Engram
*Physical representation of what has been learned
Episodic Memory
*Memories of single personal events
Equipotentiality
*Concept that all parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex behavior; any part of the cortex can substitute for any other
Explicit Memory
*Deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory
Habituation
*A decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly and accompanied by no change in other stimuli
Hebbian Synapse
*A synapse that increases in effectiveness because of simultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
Implicit Memory
*An influence of experience on behavior even if the influence is not recognized
Instrumental Conditioning
*Operant conditioning- A type of learning in which reinforcement or punishment changes the future probabilities of a given behavior
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
*Brain damage caused by prolonged thiamine deficiency
Lateral Interpositus Nucleus
*LIP – A nucleus of the cerebellum that is essential for learning
Long-term Depression
*LTD – A prolonged decrease in response at a synapse where the axons have been less active than certain other axons afferent to that neuron
Long-term Memory
*Memory of events that occurred further back in time
Long-term Potentiation
*LTP – when one or more axons connected to a dendrite bombard it with a rapid series of stimuli, some of the synapses become more responsive to new input of the same type for minutes, days, or weeks
Mass Action
*Concept that the cortex works as a whole and the more cortex, the better
NMDA receptor
*A glutamate receptor that can respond to the drug N-methyl-D-aspartate
Procedural Memory
*A type of memory that includes motor skills and habits; a type of implicit memory
Punishment
*An event that suppresses the frequency of the preceding response
Reconsolidation
*Re-strengthening of a memory by a similar later experience
Reinforcer
*Any event that increases the probability of repeating the preceding response
Retrograde Amnesia
*Loss of memory for events that occurred before brain damage
Retrograde Transmitter
*A transmitter released by a postsynaptic cell that travels back to the Presynaptic cell to modify it
Semantic Dementia
*Loss of semantic memory after damage to the anterior and inferior temporal lobe
Sensitization
*An increase in response to mild stimuli as a result of exposure to more intense stimuli
Short-term Memory
*Memory of events that have just occurred
Specificity
*Property that highly active synapses become strengthened and less active synapses do not
Tau Protein
*Part of the intracellular support structure of axons
Unconditioned Stimulus
*Stimulus that automatically evokes an unconditioned response
Unconditioned Response
*Response automatically evoked by an unconditioned stimulus
*Neurological disorder characterized by memory loss, confusion, depression, restlessness, hallucinations, delusions, sleeplessness, and loss of appetite
Amnesia
*Memory loss
AMPA receptor
*A glutamate receptor that can respond to a a-amino-3-hydroxy-5methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
Amyloid-ß
*A protein that accumulates to a higher than normal level in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease
Anterograde Amnesia
*Inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage
Associativity
*Property that a weak input paired with a stronger input enhances its later response
BDNF
*Brain-derived neurotropic factor- a neurotrophin similar to nerve growth factor
Classical Conditioning
*Type of learning produced by the pairing of two stimuli, one of which evokes an automatic response
Cooperativity
*Tendency for nearly simultaneous stimulation by two or more axons to produce long-term potentiation much more effectively than stimulation by just one
Conditioned Response
*Response evoked by a conditioned stimulus after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
*Stimulus that evokes a particular response only after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Confabulation
*A distinctive symptom of Korsakoff’s syndrome in which patients fill in memory gaps with guesses
Consolidation
*To strengthen a memory and make it more long-lasting
Declarative Memory
*Deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory
Engram
*Physical representation of what has been learned
Episodic Memory
*Memories of single personal events
Equipotentiality
*Concept that all parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex behavior; any part of the cortex can substitute for any other
Explicit Memory
*Deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory
Habituation
*A decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly and accompanied by no change in other stimuli
Hebbian Synapse
*A synapse that increases in effectiveness because of simultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
Implicit Memory
*An influence of experience on behavior even if the influence is not recognized
Instrumental Conditioning
*Operant conditioning- A type of learning in which reinforcement or punishment changes the future probabilities of a given behavior
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
*Brain damage caused by prolonged thiamine deficiency
Lateral Interpositus Nucleus
*LIP – A nucleus of the cerebellum that is essential for learning
Long-term Depression
*LTD – A prolonged decrease in response at a synapse where the axons have been less active than certain other axons afferent to that neuron
Long-term Memory
*Memory of events that occurred further back in time
Long-term Potentiation
*LTP – when one or more axons connected to a dendrite bombard it with a rapid series of stimuli, some of the synapses become more responsive to new input of the same type for minutes, days, or weeks
Mass Action
*Concept that the cortex works as a whole and the more cortex, the better
NMDA receptor
*A glutamate receptor that can respond to the drug N-methyl-D-aspartate
Procedural Memory
*A type of memory that includes motor skills and habits; a type of implicit memory
Punishment
*An event that suppresses the frequency of the preceding response
Reconsolidation
*Re-strengthening of a memory by a similar later experience
Reinforcer
*Any event that increases the probability of repeating the preceding response
Retrograde Amnesia
*Loss of memory for events that occurred before brain damage
Retrograde Transmitter
*A transmitter released by a postsynaptic cell that travels back to the Presynaptic cell to modify it
Semantic Dementia
*Loss of semantic memory after damage to the anterior and inferior temporal lobe
Sensitization
*An increase in response to mild stimuli as a result of exposure to more intense stimuli
Short-term Memory
*Memory of events that have just occurred
Specificity
*Property that highly active synapses become strengthened and less active synapses do not
Tau Protein
*Part of the intracellular support structure of axons
Unconditioned Stimulus
*Stimulus that automatically evokes an unconditioned response
Unconditioned Response
*Response automatically evoked by an unconditioned stimulus
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