Most ____ have a mixture of psychological and medical training, and they work in hospitals and clinics.

Most ____ have a mixture of psychological and medical training, and they work in hospitals and clinics.

a. neurochemists
b. neuropsychologists
c. neurologists
d. neuroscientists

A(n) ____ investigates the chemical reactions in the brain.

A(n) ____ investigates the chemical reactions in the brain.

a. neurochemist
b. psychophysiologist
c. comparative psychologist
d. neurologist

Fields that focus on research include all of the following except:

Fields that focus on research include all of the following except:

a. neuroscience.
b. neuropsychology.
c. neurochemistry.
d. neurology.

Each of the following requires a Ph.D. except for a ____.

Each of the following requires a Ph.D. except for a ____.

a. clinical psychologist
b. counseling psychologist
c. school psychologist
d. social worker

The sea dragon is a fish that looks and acts like kelp in order to attract its food. The explanation that proposed that this is due to genetic modification that expands smaller appendages already present in these fish’s ancestors would be the ____ explanation.

The sea dragon is a fish that looks and acts like kelp in order to attract its food. The explanation that proposed that this is due to genetic modification that expands smaller appendages already present in these fish’s ancestors would be the ____ explanation.

a. functional
b. evolutionary
c. otogenetic
d. biological

The use of certain behaviors for camouflage is something that would be covered with the ____ explanation.

The use of certain behaviors for camouflage is something that would be covered with the ____ explanation.

a. functional
b. otogenetic
c. evolutionary
d. physiological

In furry animals, the erection of hairs helps the animal:

In furry animals, the erection of hairs helps the animal:

a. show fear.
b. hide.
c. look intimidating.
d. get warm.

The erections of hairs on the body, most often around arms and shoulders are called:

The erections of hairs on the body, most often around arms and shoulders are called:

a. static.
b. fur.
c. goose bumps.
d. insulation.

Goose bumps ____ in humans.

Goose bumps ____ in humans.

a. show fear
b. show anger
c. create intimidation
d. no longer serve a purpose

The explanation that would be used to call attention to the presence of goose bumps in humans would be the ____ explanation.

The explanation that would be used to call attention to the presence of goose bumps in humans would be the ____ explanation.

a. evolutionary
b. otogenetic
c. neurological
d. physiological

The ____ explanation calls attention to features left over from ancestors that serve little or no function in descendants.

The ____ explanation calls attention to features left over from ancestors that serve little or no function in descendants.

a. otogenetic
b. physiological
c. evolutionary
d. biological

The view of the brain from below is called the ____ view.

The view of the brain from below is called the ____ view.

a. anterior
b. linear
c. ventral
d. dorsal

The view of the brain from above is called the ____ view.

The view of the brain from above is called the ____ view.

a. anterior
b. ventral
c. dorsal
d. posterior

The brain has an enormous number of ____ and ____.

The brain has an enormous number of ____ and ____.

a. sections; spaces
b. divisions; subareas
c. appendages; spaces
d. sections; subareas

Biological psychology is a field of study and a ____.

Biological psychology is a field of study and a ____.

a. fundamental property
b. string theory
c. way to understand our place in the cosmos
d. point of view

In addition to when you are in a dreamless sleep, consciousness does not occur when you are ____

In addition to when you are in a dreamless sleep, consciousness does not occur when you are ____

a. in a coma.
b. daydreaming.
c. watching television.
d. exercising.

Consciousness does not occur when:

Consciousness does not occur when:

a. you are awake.
b. are dreaming.
c. You are daydreaming.
d. you are in a dreamless sleep.

Consciousness occurs:

Consciousness occurs:

a. in all kinds of nervous systems some of the time.
b. In certain parts of certain kinds of nervous system all of the time.
c. in certain parts of certain kinds of nervous systems some of the time.
d. in all kinds of nervous systems all of the time.

An adult male sparrow sings its normal song:

An adult male sparrow sings its normal song:

a. if he hears the song during a sensitive period early in his life.
b. only when he hears a female bird singing.
c. if his own species' song is the first song he hears when young.
d. regardless of whether or not he has ever heard his species' song from another bird.

Which of the following would be a physiological explanation for why birds sing?

Which of the following would be a physiological explanation for why birds sing?

a. Testosterone causes the growth of certain brain areas which control singing in certain birds.
b. Birds sing due to instinct.
c. Birds sing because they hear their song early in life and form a template which controls later singing.
d.  Birds sing to defend territories and attract mates.

Which of the following would be a functional explanation for why birds sing?

Which of the following would be a functional explanation for why birds sing?

a. Testosterone causes the growth of certain brain areas which control singing in certain birds.
b. Birds sing due to instinct.
c. Birds sing because they hear their song early in life and form a template which controls later singing.
d. Birds sing to defend territories and attract mates.

In certain species of songbirds, development of the song requires the opportunity to hear the appropriate song during a sensitive period in life as well as the genes to prepare them to learn the song. This is a(n) ____ explanation of birdsong.

In certain species of songbirds, development of the song requires the opportunity to hear the appropriate song during a sensitive period in life as well as the genes to prepare them to learn the song. This is a(n) ____ explanation of birdsong.

a. physiological
b. ontogenetic
c. evolutionary
d. functional

In most bird species, only the male sings and then only in his territory during the reproductive season. This is to attract females and to ward off other males, which serves to improve their chances of mating. This behavior demonstrates:

In most bird species, only the male sings and then only in his territory during the reproductive season. This is to attract females and to ward off other males, which serves to improve their chances of mating. This behavior demonstrates:

a. that physiological explanations are preferred over other kinds of explanations.
b. learning during a critical period.
c. that physiological, ontogenetic, evolutionary, and functional explanations are mutually exclusive.
d. how physiological, ontogenetic, evolutionary, and functional explanations can all be used to explain the same behavior.

A(n) ____ explanation of human behavior is often controversial, because many behaviors alleged to be part of our evolutionary heritage could have been learned instead.

A(n) ____ explanation of human behavior is often controversial, because many behaviors alleged to be part of our evolutionary heritage could have been learned instead.

a. physiological
b. ontogenetic
c. evolutionary
d. functional

The amygdala appears to be an important part of the brain for experiencing fear. Which of the following is an example of a functional explanation of fear?

The amygdala appears to be an important part of the brain for experiencing fear. Which of the following is an example of a functional explanation of fear?

a. Describing the anatomical connections between the amygdala and other parts of the brain.
b. Describing the neurotransmitters involved in the activity of the amygdala.
c. Describing why fear improves the chances for survival.
d. Describing how fears develop in infancy.

In a small population of sheep, the dominant male may produce many more offspring than the other males, spreading his genes. This is an example of:

In a small population of sheep, the dominant male may produce many more offspring than the other males, spreading his genes. This is an example of:

a. a physiological explanation.
b. artificial selection.
c. genetic drift.
d. recombination.

Which of the following is TRUE about genetic drift?

Which of the following is TRUE about genetic drift?

a. It occurs more often in large populations.
b. It occurs when species move to a new location.
c. It takes thousands of years to happen.
d. It occurs more often in small populations.

Which type of explanation describes the advantages provided by a particular structure or behavior?

Which type of explanation describes the advantages provided by a particular structure or behavior?

a. physiological
b. ontogenetic
c. evolutionary
d. functional

Which type of explanation might describe the presence of a behavior in a particular species by showing how that behavior increased the reproductive success of the species?

Which type of explanation might describe the presence of a behavior in a particular species by showing how that behavior increased the reproductive success of the species?

a. physiological
b. ontogenetic
c. evolutionary
d. solipsistic

How human language develops as the result of genes and the opportunity to hear language during a sensitive period in early life is an example of a(n) ____ explanation.

How human language develops as the result of genes and the opportunity to hear language during a sensitive period in early life is an example of a(n) ____ explanation.

a. physiological
b. ontogenetic
c. evolutionary
d. functional

A functional explanation of why giraffes have such long necks is that:

a. it lowers the blood pressure in their brains.
b. their necks became longer because they stretched them.
c. it allows them greater access to their food supply.
d. parent giraffes make their babies reach for food.

Having camouflage that matches an animal’s typical surroundings in order to provide protection from predators is an example of a(n) ____ explanation.

a. evolutionary
b. functional
c. ontogenetic
d. physiological

An evolutionary explanation of why we get goose bumps when cold is that:

a. the sympathetic nervous system is activated.
b. we inherited the mechanism from our remote ancestors who had more hair.
c. it keeps us warm.
d. children are often raised in cold environments.

Mapping out the relationship between shared bone structures across different species suggests there is a(n) ____ explanation.

a. ontogenetic
b. evolutionary
c. behavioral
d. physiological

A person who studies the influence of genetic predisposition to be aggressive in combination with early aggressive experiences is seeking for a(n) ____ explanation.

a. physiological
b. behavioral
c. evolutionary
d. ontogenetic

Understanding differences in intelligence as a function of early learning experiences is an example of a(n) ____ explanation.

a. ontogenetic
b. physiological
c. functional
d. evolutionary

Explaining differences in running speed as a function of differences in muscle fiber types is an example of a(n) ____ explanation.

a. ontogenetic
b. physiological
c. evolutionary
d. functional

A(n) ____ explanation would describe eating in terms of the hypothalamus affecting insulin production, which affects the availability of glucose in cells.

a. physiological
b. ontogenetic
c. evolutionary
d. functional

Which type of explanation describes how a structure or behavior develops?

a. Physiological
b. Ontogenetic
c. Evolutionary
d. Functional

Understanding how genes, nutrition, and experience work together to produce a tendency toward a particular sexual orientation is an example of a(n) ____ explanation.

a. ontogenetic
b. evolutionary
c. functional
d. common sense

A(n) ____ describes how a structure or behavior develops, including the influences of genes, nutrition, experiences, and their interactions.

a. functional
b. ontogenetic
c. physiological
d. evolutionary

A(n) ____ explanation describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did.

a. functional
b. ontogenetic
c. physiological
d. evolutionary

If a person believes that hormones released at different stages of the menstrual cycle affect a person’s mood, then it would be considered a(n) ____ explanation.

a. functional
b. ontogenetic
c. physiological
d. evolutionary

A fundamental property is one that ____.

a. answers all questions
b. occurs only in certain parts of the nervous system
c. cannot be reduced to something else
d. cannot be explained

The question “Given this universe composed of matter and energy, why is there such a thing as consciousness?” is called the ____.

a. cosmic force question
b. mind-body problem
c. universal question
d. biological problem

Jill is interested in studying how hormones influence sexual behavior of rats. She is most likely a:

a. biological psychologist.
b. neuroscientist.
c. clinical psychologist.
d. psychiatrist.

Much of biological psychology concerns:

a. chemistry.
b. brain functioning.
c. neurology.
d. anatomy.

The primary difference between biological psychologists and neuroscientists is that neuroscientists place greater emphasis on studying:

a. chemistry.
b. psychology.
c. biology.
d. behavior.

At the microscopic level, we find two kinds of cells: ____.

a. molecules and mitochondria
b. mitochondria and glia
c. neurons and glia
d. neurons and molecules

Biological psychologists are primarily interested in the study of the physiological, evolutionary, and ____.

a. social influence on attitudes
b. developmental mechanisms of behavior and experience
c. use of reinforcement to change behavior
d. mental well-being of plants