Recent evidence suggests that phantom limb pain is caused by sensations coming from the stump of the amputated limb.

True  
*False  

Paralysis caused by spinal cord injury is usually only temporary in humans.

True  
*False 

Diaschisis refers to the decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons.

*True  
False  

In strokes caused by ischemia or hemorrhage, neurons die from overstimulation.

*True  
False

Exercise may account for some of the neural benefits that come from rearing rats in an enriched environment.

*True  
False  

Nerve growth factor is a chemical that promotes the survival and activity of neurons.

*True  
False 

The brain requires millions of chemicals to correctly guide the growth of axons to their target locations.

True  
*False  

Recent evidence suggests that adult vertebrate brains generate new neurons.

*True  
False 

Synaptogenesis is a process that begins before birth and continues throughout life.

*True  
False  

Proliferation is the production of new cells.

*True  
False  

Which hormone has been shown to decrease the effects of brain damage or to improve recovery from that damage?

    a.    parathyroid hormone
    *b.    progesterone
    c.    testosterone
    d.    vasopressin

Sensations from phantom limbs:

    *a.    are a result of brain reorganization.
    b.    do not have a neural basis.
    c.    can be diminished if more of the limb is removed surgically.
    d.    come from the stump of the amputated limb.

Certain axons innervating a given neuron are damaged. What compensatory change is likely to take place in that postsynaptic cell?

    *a.    denervation supersensitivity
    b.    removal of toxins
    c.    collateral sprouting
    d.    decrease in glucose utilization

If some of the axons innervating a given cell are destroyed or if they become inactive, what compensatory process takes place in the remaining presynaptic cells?

    a.    activation of previously silent synapses
    b.    removal of toxins
    *c.    collateral sprouting
    d.    denervation supersensitivity

After a cut through the spinal cord, axons grow back enough to restore functioning in certain __________ but not in __________.

    a.    adults; infants
    *b.    fish; mammals
    c.    mammals; primates
    d.    infants; adults

One limiting factor in the ability of damaged axons to regenerate in the brain and spinal cord is that:

    *a.    they regenerate only 1-2 millimeters.
    b.    there are no muscles in the brain and spinal cord to guide the growth.
    c.    growing dendrites compete with growing axons.
    d.    they don't have any myelin to guide them.

Recovery from brain damage:

    a.    begins to develop about two months after the damage occurred.
    *b.    becomes more difficult in old age.
    c.    is more extensive in young adults than for either children or older adults.
    d.    is unlikely to last more than a few years.

Ischemia is to __________ as hemorrhage is to __________ :

    *a.    obstruction; rupture
    b.    proximal; distal
    c.    barely noticeable; lethal
    d.    older individuals; younger individuals

A stroke which is caused when an artery ruptures is also known as:

    *a.    hemorrhage.
    b.    penumbra.
    c.    closed head injury.
    d.    ischemia.

Children of mothers who smoke cigarettes during pregnancy are at an increased risk of:

    a.    Korsakoff's syndrome.
    b.    Parkinson's disease.
    *c.    intellectual deficits.
    d.    Rett syndrome.