Which ganglion cells, if any, are located mostly in or near the fovea?

    a.    They are all distributed equally.
    b.    magnocellular
    *c.    parvocellular
    d.    koniocellular

Taking a drug that blocks acetylcholine receptors would be helpful for a person with myasthenia gravis.

True  
*False  

Which parts of the brain deteriorate most strongly in Huntington's disease?

    *a.    the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
    b.    pathways of neurons containing the neurotransmitter dopamine
    c.    the hippocampus and amygdale
    d.    the cerebellum and medulla

L-dopa is most effective:

    a.    for either the very young or the very old.
    *b.    in the early to intermediate stages of Parkinson's disease.
    c.    for females.
    d.    in the late stages of Parkinson's disease.

Although Parkinson's disease is usually limited to old people, it has occurred in a small number of young people that:

    a.    were on low-protein diets.
    b.    used cocaine.
    *c.    used a designer drug.
    d.    lived near a nuclear power plant.

Dopamine neurons are more vulnerable than most other neurons to damage caused by metabolic problems.

*True  
False  

Although several genes have been found to be more common among people with Parkinson's disease, these genes are:

    a.    more common in men than women.
    b.    more common in women than men.
    *c.    small contributors to the incidence of late-onset Parkinson's disease.
    d.    large contributors to the incidence of late-onset Parkinson's disease.

The immediate cause of Parkinson's disease is the:

    a.    net increase in the excitatory output from the globus pallidus.
    *b.    gradual, progressive death of neurons in the substantia nigra.
    c.    immediate, mass death of neurons releasing acetylcholine.
    d.    accumulation of amyloid-beta in neurons.

What is one of the main symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

    a.    Rapid fatigue of the muscles.
    b.    Loss of saccadic eye movements.
    c.    Inability to coordinate speech with movements.
    *d.    Difficulty initiating movements.

Fast-twitch fibers have fast contractions and rapid fatigue.

True  
*False  

The structure composed of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus is the:

    a.    cerebellum.
    *b.    basal ganglia.
    c.    sympathetic nervous system.
    d.    limbic system.

The cerebellum appears to be critical for:

    a.    judging which tone is louder.
    b.    controlling the force of a movement.
    c.    motor behaviors only.
    *d.    certain aspects of attention.

A fixed sequence of movements is called a motor program.

*True  
False 

Activation of the Golgi tendon organs results in contraction of the muscle.

True  
*False  

The symptoms of cerebellar damage resemble those of:

    a.    Parkinson's disease.
    b.    a heart attack.
    *c.    intoxication.
    d.    mental illness.

Axons of the dorsolateral tract extend to what area?

    a.    cerebellum
    b.    cerebral cortex
    c.    thalamus
    *d.    spinal cord

People with damage to the parietal cortex appear to lack ________ related to voluntary movements.

    a.    a sense of timing
    b.    muscle strength
    *c.    feelings of intention
    d.    the ability to make conscious decisions

The premotor cortex:

    a.    keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world.
    *b.    is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself.
    c.    responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement.
    d.    is the main area for touch and other body information.

Very brief electrical stimulation of the motor cortex results in:

    a.    laughing.
    b.    complex, coordinated movements.
    *c.    muscle twitching.
    d.    relaxation.

Which type of proprioceptor responds to increases in muscle tension?

    a.    muscle spindle
    b.    fast-twitch fiber
    *c.    Golgi tendon organ
    d.    slow-twitch fiber