Autonomic Nervous System
*Part of the PNS that controls the heart, intestines, and other organs.
Basal Ganglia
*A group of subcortical forebrain structures lateral to the thalamus; involved in movement
Bell-Magendie law
*The concept that the entering dorsal roots carry sensory information and the exiting ventral roots carry motor information.
Brainstem
*Consists of the medulla, pons, midbrain, and central structures of the forebrain.
Central canal
*A fluid-filled channel in the center of the spinal cord.
Central Nervous System
*CNS – The brain and spinal cord
Cerebellum
*A large hindbrain structure important in the control of movement, balance, coordination, timing, and attention.
Cerebral cortex
*A layer of cells on the outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres.
Cerebrospinal Fluid
*A clear fluid similar to blood plasma produced by choroid plexus in the brain ventricles.
Corpus Callosum
*Large bundle of axons that connect the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex.
Cranial nerves
Nerves that control sensations from the head, muscle movements of the head, and much of the *parasympathetic output to the organs.
Dorsal
*Located toward the back.
Dorsal root ganglia
*Clusters of sensory neurons outside the spinal cord.
Forebrain
*The most anterior part of the brain; consists of the two cerebral hemispheres.
Frontal Cortex
*Anterior part of the cortex important in voluntary movement.
Gray matter
*Areas of the nervous system that are densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites.
Hindbrain
*The posterior part of the brain.
Hippocampus
*A large structure located toward the posterior of the forebrain; important in memory.
Hypothalamus
*A collection of nuclei beneath the thalamus; important in basic functions such as thirst, hunger, reproductive behaviors, etc.
Inferior colliculus
*A swelling on each side of the tectum; important for auditory processing.
Limbic system
*Interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem; important in emotional behaviors.
Medulla
*Hindbrain structure located just above the spinal cord
Meninges
*Membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
Midbrain
*Middle part of the brain
Neuroanatomy
*The structure of the nervous system
Nucleus basalis
*A forebrain structure that lies on the ventral surface; receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia; sends axons to areas of the cerebral cortex
Occipital lobe
*Posterior part of cortex important in processing vision.
Parasympathetic nervous system
*System of nerves that facilitate vegetative, nonemergency responses by the body’s organs
Parietal lobe
*Area of cortex between frontal and temporal lobe; important in processing somatosensory information and attention.
Peripheral nervous system
*PNS – nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.
Pons
*Hindbrain structure that lies anterior and ventral to the medulla
Prefrontal lobe
*Anterior portion of the frontal lobe; processes complex functions
Raphe system
*Brain areas that send axons to much of the forebrain, modifying the brain’s readiness to respond to stimuli
Reticular formation
*A structure that extends from the medulla into the forebrain; controls motor areas of the spinal cord and selectively increases arousal and attention in forebrain areas
Somatic nervous system
*Part of the PNS that consists of the axons conveying messages from the sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to the muscles
Spinal cord
*Part of the CNS; it communicates with all of the sense organs and muscles except those of the head
Substantia nigra
*A midbrain structure that gives rise to a pathway releasing dopamine
Superior colliculus
*Swelling on either side of the tectum; important to visual processing
Sympathetic nervous system
*A network of nerves that prepare the organs for vigorous activity
Tectum
*Roof of the midbrain
Tegmentum
*Intermediate level of the midbrain
Temporal lobe
*The lateral portion of the hemispheres; important in processing auditory information and complex visual information
Thalamus
*A pair of structures in the center of the forebrain; important in relaying sensory information to other areas of the brain
Ventral
*Toward the stomach
Ventricles
*Four fluid-filled cavities within the brain
White matter
*Areas of the nervous system consisting mostly of myelinated axons
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