The regular use of tranquilizers can result in insomnia.

*True   
False   

The onset of sleep requires active brain processes.

*True   
False   

Mammals have circadian rhythms:

    a.    only for frequency of eating and drinking.
    b.    only for their sleep/activity cycle.
    *c.    for a variety of activities, including sleep.
    d.    for sleep and body temperature only.

Circadian cycles are to ________ as circannual cycles are to ________.

    a.    endogenous; exogenous
    b.    mating; hibernating
    c.    light-dark; temperature
    *d.    daily; yearly

Occasional bursts of vestibular sensation are common during REM sleep according to which hypothesis/theory?

    a.    the evolutionary hypothesis
    b.    the repair and restoration theory
    *c.    the activation-synthesis hypothesis
    d.    Freud's theory of dreams

The activation-synthesis theory of dreams argues that dreams are the result of random brain activity.

*True   
False   

Paradoxical sleep has been shown to:

    a.    strengthen memories for new facts.
    b.    interfere with new learning.
    *c.    strengthen the formation of new motor skills.
    d.    inhibit sexual arousal.

What often is reported by human subjects deprived of REM sleep for several consecutive days?

    a.    elation, euphoria, and improved concentration
    b.    the same effects as control subjects awakened at random times
    c.    no noticeable negative effects
    *d.    anxiety, irritability, and impaired concentration

Nightmares are to __________ as night terrors are to __________.

    *a.    REM; NREM
    b.    narcolepsy; cataplexy
    c.    dopamine; serotonin
    d.    children; adults

What is narcolepsy?

    a.    sleepwalking
    b.    involuntary movements of the limbs while sleeping
    *c.    sudden periods of sleepiness during the day
    d.    the inability to breathe while sleeping

It has been suggested that sleep apnea may be related to which of the following?

    a.    schizophrenia
    *b.    sudden infant death syndrome
    c.    hippocampal damage
    d.    infant autism

What is a likely consequence if someone's body temperature cycle is phase delayed?

    a.    sleep apnea
    *b.    onset insomnia
    c.    narcolepsy
    d.    termination insomnia

PGO waves are associated with which of the following?

    a.    NREM sleep
    *b.    REM sleep
    c.    relaxation during wakefulness
    d.    being awakened from REM sleep

Histamine is released by the:

    a.    basal forebrain.
    b.    dorsal raphe.
    c.    locus coeruleus.
    *d.    hypothalamus.

Which of the following events would most likely activate the locus coeruleus?

    a.    walking
    *b.    hearing a growl in the woods
    c.    daydreaming
    d.    taking a nap

Compared to the earlier part, the later part of a night's sleep:

    a.    includes a lower percentage of REM sleep.
    *b.    includes a larger percentage of REM sleep.
    c.    is characterized by declining body temperature.
    d.    has more slow wave sleep.

Typically, a person falls asleep and enters:

    a.    stage 2 sleep.
    *b.    stage 1 sleep.
    c.    stage 3 sleep.
    d.    stage 4 sleep.

What do the EEG waves look like when brain activity is "desynchronized"?

    *a.    irregular waves with low amplitude
    b.    short, rapid waves of large amplitude
    c.    regular alternation between waves of large amplitude and waves of small amplitude
    d.    long, slow waves of large amplitude

The retinohypothalamic pathway receives input from the:

    a.    SCN.
    b.    LGN.
    *c.    retinal ganglion cells that respond directly to light.
    d.    occipital cortex.

Exposure to bright light in the evening:

    a.    stimulates production of Tim and Per.
    b.    accelerates the circadian rhythm.
    *c.    delays the circadian rhythm.
    d.    induces sleepiness.

What is a "free-running rhythm"?

    a.    a pattern of activity that varies unpredictably from one day to the next
    b.    the activity level of an animal that does not have a biological clock
    c.    the activity cycle generated by a biological clock that is not reset
    d.    the sleep pattern of a sleep-deprived person allowed to sleep without restrictions

Taking melatonin pills in the late evening:

    a.    phase-delays the biological clock.
    b.    increases sleepiness.
    c.    phase-advances the biological clock.
    *d.    has no noticeable effects.

Researchers have demonstrated that the expression of the SCN genes can be changed through:

    a.    barometric pressure.
    b.    the diet.
    *c.    exposure of the eyes to light.
    d.    morning exercise.

In general, animals that have the most total sleep also have the highest percentage of REM sleep.

*True   
False   

Narcolepsy is a condition characterized by frequent periods of sleepiness during the day.

*True   
False  

If suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain, they:

    a.    no longer produce any activity.
    b.    produce a 20-hour rhythm.
    *c.    continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm.
    d.    produce spontaneous bursts of activity, but on no rhythmic pattern.

Which ganglion cells, if any, are located mostly in or near the fovea?

    a.    They are all distributed equally.
    b.    magnocellular
    *c.    parvocellular
    d.    koniocellular

What does "endogenous" mean?

    a.    learned
    *b.    generated from within
    c.    occurring at regular intervals
    d.    sensitive to light/dark patterns

Taking a drug that blocks acetylcholine receptors would be helpful for a person with myasthenia gravis.

True  
*False  

Which parts of the brain deteriorate most strongly in Huntington's disease?

    *a.    the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
    b.    pathways of neurons containing the neurotransmitter dopamine
    c.    the hippocampus and amygdale
    d.    the cerebellum and medulla

L-dopa is most effective:

    a.    for either the very young or the very old.
    *b.    in the early to intermediate stages of Parkinson's disease.
    c.    for females.
    d.    in the late stages of Parkinson's disease.

Although Parkinson's disease is usually limited to old people, it has occurred in a small number of young people that:

    a.    were on low-protein diets.
    b.    used cocaine.
    *c.    used a designer drug.
    d.    lived near a nuclear power plant.

Dopamine neurons are more vulnerable than most other neurons to damage caused by metabolic problems.

*True  
False  

Although several genes have been found to be more common among people with Parkinson's disease, these genes are:

    a.    more common in men than women.
    b.    more common in women than men.
    *c.    small contributors to the incidence of late-onset Parkinson's disease.
    d.    large contributors to the incidence of late-onset Parkinson's disease.

The immediate cause of Parkinson's disease is the:

    a.    net increase in the excitatory output from the globus pallidus.
    *b.    gradual, progressive death of neurons in the substantia nigra.
    c.    immediate, mass death of neurons releasing acetylcholine.
    d.    accumulation of amyloid-beta in neurons.

What is one of the main symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

    a.    Rapid fatigue of the muscles.
    b.    Loss of saccadic eye movements.
    c.    Inability to coordinate speech with movements.
    *d.    Difficulty initiating movements.

Fast-twitch fibers have fast contractions and rapid fatigue.

True  
*False  

The structure composed of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus is the:

    a.    cerebellum.
    *b.    basal ganglia.
    c.    sympathetic nervous system.
    d.    limbic system.

The cerebellum appears to be critical for:

    a.    judging which tone is louder.
    b.    controlling the force of a movement.
    c.    motor behaviors only.
    *d.    certain aspects of attention.

A fixed sequence of movements is called a motor program.

*True  
False 

Activation of the Golgi tendon organs results in contraction of the muscle.

True  
*False  

The symptoms of cerebellar damage resemble those of:

    a.    Parkinson's disease.
    b.    a heart attack.
    *c.    intoxication.
    d.    mental illness.

Axons of the dorsolateral tract extend to what area?

    a.    cerebellum
    b.    cerebral cortex
    c.    thalamus
    *d.    spinal cord

People with damage to the parietal cortex appear to lack ________ related to voluntary movements.

    a.    a sense of timing
    b.    muscle strength
    *c.    feelings of intention
    d.    the ability to make conscious decisions

The premotor cortex:

    a.    keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world.
    *b.    is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself.
    c.    responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement.
    d.    is the main area for touch and other body information.

Very brief electrical stimulation of the motor cortex results in:

    a.    laughing.
    b.    complex, coordinated movements.
    *c.    muscle twitching.
    d.    relaxation.

Which type of proprioceptor responds to increases in muscle tension?

    a.    muscle spindle
    b.    fast-twitch fiber
    *c.    Golgi tendon organ
    d.    slow-twitch fiber

A sudden stretch of a muscle excites a feedback system that opposes the stretch. This message starts in the:

    a.    dorsal root ganglion.
    *b.    muscle spindles.
    c.    Pacinian corpuscles.
    d.    cerebellum.

A proprioceptor is sensitive to the:

    *a.    position and movement of a part of the body.
    b.    degree of relaxation or contraction of smooth muscle tissue.
    c.    degree of fatigue in a muscle.
    d.    percentage of fibers that are contracting within a muscle bundle.

Which would be especially important when running up a flight of stairs at full speed?

    a.    smooth muscles
    *b.    fast-twitch muscles
    c.    slow-twitch muscles
    d.    intermediate muscles

What is the name given to the synapse where a motor neuron's axon meets a muscle fiber?

    a.    neurofiber synapse
    b.    muscle spindle
    *c.    neuromuscular junction
    d.    polar junction

You have precise control over the movement of your fingers, probably because:

    a.    you have learned how to write.
    b.    they have many muscle fibers per motor neuron.
    *c.    they have few muscle fibers per motor neuron.
    d.    the axons in the fingers have faster action potentials.

What type of muscle is responsible for the movement of your body through the environment?

    *a.    striated
    b.    syncarpous
    c.    cardiac
    d.    smooth

The primary effect of an abnormal form of the protein huntingtin on neurons is to:

    a.    damage the membrane.
    b.    block acetylcholine receptors.
    c.    increase dopamine release.
    *d.    prevent the production of neurotrophins.

The sequence of bases repeated more often in people with Huntington's disease is:

    a.    T-A-G
    b.    C-A-T
    c.    H-U-N
    *d.    C-A-G

Transplanting brain tissue into Parkinson's patients would most likely be successful if:

    a.    the patient is older.
    b.    the brain tissue comes from rats.
    c.    they are female.
    *d.    the transplant was accompanied by neurotrophins.

L-dopa is most effective:

    a.    in the late stages of Parkinson's disease.
    b.    for females.
    c.    for either the very young or the very old.
    *d.    in the early to intermediate stages of Parkinson's disease.

A striated muscle controls movement of the body in relation to the environment.

*True  
False 

Symptoms of Parkinson's disease emerge only after the number of neurons in the substantia nigra decreases to what level?

    a.    less than 50% of the original total
    b.    to the point where there are no cells remaining
    *c.    less than 20% of the original total
    d.    less than 90% of the original total

Parkinson's disease patients, who usually have trouble walking, can walk surprisingly well when they:

    a.    walk backwards.
    *b.    are following a parade.
    c.    count their steps.
    d.    have their eyes closed.

The structure composed of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus is the:

    a.    sympathetic nervous system.
    b.    limbic system.
    *c.    basal ganglia.
    d.    cerebellum.

Purkinje cells receive most of their input from:

    a.    nuclei in the central cerebellum.
    *b.    parallel fibers of the cerebellar cortex.
    c.    the basal ganglia.
    d.    proprioceptors.

The cerebellum appears to be critical for:

    a.    controlling the force of a movement.
    b.    motor behaviors only.
    *c.    certain aspects of attention.
    d.    judging which tone is louder.

The finger-to-nose test is a common way of testing for possible damage to what structure?

    a.    basal ganglia
    b.    spinal cord
    c.    medulla
    *d.    cerebellum

A saccade is initiated by impulses from the:

    *a.    cerebellum.
    b.    hypothalamus.
    c.    spinal cord.
    d.    hippocampus.

Damage to the cerebellum is most likely to interfere with which of the following?

    a.    chewing and swallowing
    *b.    rapid movements that require timing
    c.    lifting weights
    d.    the ability to remember a series of events

Movements near the midline of the body, such as bending and turning of the trunk, are controlled by which motor system?

    a.    hippocampal
    *b.    ventromedial tract
    c.    supplementary
    d.    dorsolateral tract

What is the stimulus for the Babinski reflex?

    *a.    stroking the sole of the foot
    b.    touching the cheek near the mouth
    c.    a loud noise
    d.    placing an object firmly in the palm of the hand

Activity of a muscle spindle is to __________ as activity of the Golgi tendon organ is to __________.

    a.    inhibition of contraction; inhibition of contraction
    b.    contraction; contraction
    c.    inhibition of contraction; contraction
    *d.    contraction; inhibition of contraction

Mirror neurons are active both during preparation for a movement and while watching someone else perform the same or a similar movement.

*True  
False  

The supplementary motor cortex is mainly active when preparing for an organized sequence of movements.

*True  
False  

What happens when a fish swims at low temperatures?

    a.    Muscle fibers contract more vigorously than at high temperatures.
    b.    The fish swims at its usual speed but fatigues more slowly.
    *c.    The fish swims at its usual speed but fatigues more rapidly.
    d.    The fish swims more slowly.

Myasthenia gravis is caused by:

    *a.    damage to acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions.
    b.    loss of cell bodies in the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex.
    c.    damage to the myelin sheath that covers axons in the spinal cord.
    d.    damage to dopamine-containing cells in the substantia nigra.

Mirror neurons are active both during preparation for a movement and while watching someone else perform the same or a similar movement.

*True  
False  

The supplementary motor cortex is mainly active when preparing for an organized sequence of movements.

*True  
False  

What is needed in order to be able to move your ankle in all directions?

    *a.    an antagonist set of muscles
    b.    a low ratio of axons to nerve fibers
    c.    both smooth and striated fibers
    d.    a high ratio of axons to nerve fibers

What is the relationship between the motor neuron axons and muscle fibers?

    a.    Each axon innervates only one muscle fiber.
    *b.    The fewer muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements.
    c.    The more axons which innervate a single muscle fiber, the more precise the movements.
    d.    The more muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements.

Huntington's disease is controlled by an autosomal dominant gene.

*True  
False  

Brain transplants for Parkinson's patients have generally been very successful.

True  
*False  

What type of muscle is responsible for the movement of your body through the environment?

    a.    cardiac
    b.    smooth
    *c.    striated
    d.    syncarpous

Low frequencies travel farther along the basilar membrane than high frequencies.

*True  
False  

The pinna helps us identify the location of a sound.

*True  
False  

What is a "specific anosmia"?

    a.    A chemical released by one animal that exerts a specific effect on another animal.
    b.    A strong preference for a particular smell.
    c.    An odorous chemical that excites all olfactory receptors.
    *d.    An inability to smell a particular substance.

Exposure to an extremely salty substance decreases sensitivity to other salty substances. What is this phenomenon called?

    *a.    adaptation
    b.    analgesia
    c.    umami
    d.    olfaction

What is the relationship between pain and itch?

    a.    Itch and pain are different, but both are reduced by opiate drugs.
    b.    Itch and pain are different, but both are increased by opiate drugs.
    *c.    Pain inhibits itch.
    d.    Itch is a mild form of pain.

How does an injection of capsaicin into the spinal cord lead to an insensitivity to pain?

    a.    It hyperpolarizes neural membranes.
    b.    It blocks sodium channels.
    c.    It stimulates neurotransmitters that compete with pain messages.
    *d.    It depletes substance P from neurons that transmit pain messages.

What process is predicted by the gate theory of pain?

    a.    The intensity of pain experience depends entirely on the excitability of pain receptors.
    b.    Intense pain can shut out all other sensory information.
    c.    Pain information grows more intense as it passes each synapse on its way to the brain.
    *d.    Non-pain information can inhibit pain information.

Enkephalins:

    a.    have chemical structures just like morphine.
    *b.    can interact with the same receptors as morphine.
    c.    are human-made drugs which mimic endorphins.
    d.    increase pain.

The sensory aspect of pain activates the ________ cortex, whereas the emotional aspect activates the ________ cortex.

    *a.    somatosensory, cingulate
    b.    premotor, fusiform
    c.    fusiform, premotor
    d.    cingulate, somatosensory

A mild pain stimulus is associated with a release of:

    a.    neuromodulators.
    b.    substance P and glutamate.
    c.    substance P.
    *d.    glutamate.

Pacinian corpuscles respond best to:

    a.    horizontal head movements.
    b.    slow mechanical movements.
    c.    low frequency sounds.
    *d.    rapid mechanical pressure.

The function of the semicircular canals is to:

    a.    locate the source of high frequency tones.
    b.    locate the source of low frequency tones.
    c.    establish a sense of direction while traveling.
    *d.    detect movement of the head.

What does the vestibular system detect?

    a.    vibrations on the skin
    b.    the location of sounds
    *c.    movement of the head
    d.    the degree of stretch of muscles

A sound shadow refers to:

    *a.    how much louder a high-frequency sound is for the ear closest to the sound.
    b.    out of phase sound waves.
    c.    in phase sound waves.
    d.    the time it takes sound waves to reach the ears.

Supertasters are more likely to enjoy spicy foods.

True  
*False 

Taste receptors are continually being replaced.

*True  
False  

If the cochlea suffers damage but it is confined to one part of the cochlea, that individual will lose:

    a.    all hearing.
    b.    hearing of certain loudnesses of sound.
    c.    hearing of certain rhythms of sound.
    *d.    hearing of certain frequencies of sound.

Conductive deafness is also known as:

    a.    inner ear deafness.
    *b.    middle ear deafness.
    c.    outer ear deafness.
    d.    nerve deafness.

People with massive damage to the primary auditory cortex:

    a.    can no longer hear and recognize simple sounds.
    *b.    cannot recognize combinations or sequences of sounds.
    c.    are rendered deaf to only high-frequency sounds.
    d.    are rendered completely deaf.

The fact that the refractory period limits the firing rate of a neuron is problematic for which of the following?

    a.    Both the frequency theory and the place theory.
    b.    Volley theory.
    *c.    Frequency theory.
    d.    Place theory.

What is the major problem for the frequency theory of sound perception?

    a.    It requires the cochlea to vibrate, and it does not.
    *b.    Neurons cannot respond as quickly as the theory requires.
    c.    It cannot account for perception of low pitch sounds.
    d.    It cannot account for perception of low amplitude sounds.

Endorphins are only released when painful stimuli are present.

True  
*False 

Opiates exert their pain relieving effects by their action in the periphery of the body.

True  
*False 

The tympanic membrane is to the ________ as the oval window is to the ________.

    a.    stirrup; anvil
    b.    anvil; hammer
    c.    inner ear; middle ear
    *d.    middle ear; inner ear

Loudness is to ________ as pitch is to ________.

    *a.    amplitude; frequency
    b.    amplitude; intensity
    c.    pitch; tone
    d.    frequency; intensity

What is the perception of the intensity of a sound wave called?

    a.    frequency
    b.    amplitude
    *c.    loudness
    d.    pitch

There are hundreds of different types of olfactory receptors.

*True  
False 

Taste receptors are continually being replaced.

*True  
False 

Endorphins are only released when painful stimuli are present.

True  
*False  

Opiates exert their pain relieving effects by their action in the periphery of the body.

True  
*False 

Conductive deafness is primarily a problem with the auditory nerve.

True  
*False 

Most cells in the auditory cortex respond best to pure tones.

True  
*False  

After sound waves pass through the auditory canal, they strike the tympanic membrane.

*True  
False 

The amplitude of a sound wave is its intensity.

*True  
False  

One hypothesis of synesthesia is:

    a.    that all of the axons from one cortical area have branches into another cortical area.
    b.    that some of the axons from one cortical area have more branches into that cortical area.
    c.    that all of the axons from one cortical area have more branches into that cortical area.
    *d.    that some of the axons from one cortical area have branches into another cortical area.

One major difference between olfaction and VNO receptors is that:

    a.    olfactory receptors are sensitive to pheromones.
    b.    there are many more VNO receptors.
    c.    VNO receptors are continuously growing.
    *d.    VNO receptors do not adapt.

Which of the following is TRUE about taste receptors?

    *a.    Are located mainly along the outside edge of the tongue.
    b.    Humans have hundreds of types of taste receptors, each sensitive to a different set of chemicals.
    c.    Each taste bud contains only one receptor cell.
    d.    Their dendrites extend outside the taste buds.

Antihistamine drugs tend to ________ itching, and opiates tend to ________ itching.

    a.    reduce; reduce
    b.    increase; reduce
    c.    increase; increase
    *d.    reduce; increase

What process is predicted by the gate theory of pain?

    a.    Pain information grows more intense as it passes each synapse on its way to the brain.
    *b.    Non-pain information can inhibit pain information.
    c.    The intensity of pain experience depends entirely on the excitability of pain receptors.
    d.    Intense pain can shut out all other sensory information.

Enkephalins:

    a.    are human-made drugs which mimic endorphins.
    b.    increase pain.
    c.    have chemical structures just like morphine.
    *d.    can interact with the same receptors as morphine.

Conductive deafness is primarily a problem with the auditory nerve.

True  
*False  

The ability to detect motion of sounds depends on the same area of the brain that helps detect motion of objects.

*True  
False  

The sensory aspect of pain activates the ________ cortex, whereas the emotional aspect activates the ________ cortex.

    *a.    somatosensory; cingulate
    b.    cingulate; somatosensory
    c.    fusiform; premotor
    d.    premotor; fusiform

What neurotransmitter is released by axons that carry pain information to the brain?

    a.    dopamine
    *b.    substance P
    c.    enkephalin
    d.    serotonin

The function of the semicircular canals is to:

    a.    locate the source of low frequency tones.
    *b.    detect movement of the head.
    c.    locate the source of high frequency tones.
    d.    establish a sense of direction while traveling.

In the otolith organs, the otoliths are calcium carbonate particles that:

    a.    vibrate with different frequencies.
    b.    stabilize the semicircular canals.
    c.    enhance sound localization.
    *d.    push against hair cells when moved.

A sound shadow refers to:

    *a.    how much louder a high-frequency sound is for the ear closest to the sound.
    b.    in phase sound waves.
    c.    the time it takes sound waves to reach the ears.
    d.    out of phase sound waves.

Damage to the part of the cochlea that sends information about high frequency sounds to the primary auditory cortex could result in:

    a.    hearing loss in the opposite ear.
    b.    inability to hear loud sounds.
    *c.    tinnitus.
    d.    complete hearing loss.

Conductive deafness is also known as:

    a.    nerve deafness.
    *b.    middle ear deafness.
    c.    outer ear deafness.
    d.    inner ear deafness.

The major problem with the frequency theory of pitch perception is that neurons can't produce action potentials frequently enough to match high frequency sound waves.

*True  
False 

People with massive damage to the primary auditory cortex:

    a.    can no longer hear and recognize simple sounds.
    b.    are rendered completely deaf.
    c.    are rendered deaf to only high-frequency sounds.
    *d.    cannot recognize combinations or sequences of sounds.

The fact that the various parts of the basilar membrane are tightly bound together is problematic for which of the following?

    a.    both the frequency theory and the place theory
    b.    the volley theory
    c.    the frequency theory
    *d.    the place theory

The malleus, incus, and stapes are small bones:

    a.    in the inner ear.
    b.    in the outer ear.
    c.    which transmit information from the outer ear to the middle ear.
    *d.    which transmit information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.

What is another name for the tympanic membrane?

    *a.    eardrum
    b.    auditory nerve
    c.    pinna
    d.    cochlea

Loudness is to ________ as pitch is to ________.

    *a.    amplitude; frequency
    b.    amplitude; intensity
    c.    frequency; intensity
    d.    pitch; tone

What is the intensity of a sound wave called?

    *a.    amplitude
    b.    frequency
    c.    loudness
    d.    tone

Across species, it appears that the sense organs are most attuned to:

    a.    low intensity stimuli.
    *b.    biologically useful stimuli.
    c.    detection of chemical stimuli.
    d.    detecting odors of other species.

Which of the following best summarizes the possible causes of ADHD?

    a.    It is based on dopamine type 4 receptor abnormalities.
    *b.    There are multiple causes, but they are inconsistent across people.
    c.    It is based on cerebellar dysfunction.
    d.    It is strictly hereditary.

Which of the following would most likely improve attention of patients with spatial neglect?

    a.    keep their hands from crossing over each other
    b.    stimulate the left superior temporal gyrus
    *c.    tell the person to look to the left
    d.    tell the person to look to the right

Olfactory receptors carry their message to the:

    a.    NTS.
    *b.    olfactory bulb.
    c.    cochlea.
    d.    insular cortex.

One reason why we have difficulty tasting low concentrations of a bitter chemical is that:

    a.    bitter receptors have axons with very slow conduction velocities.
    b.    each bitter receptor responds to a wide variety of chemicals.
    c.    bitter receptors are located only on the back of the tongue.
    *d.    we have dozens of different types of bitter receptors.

The types of chemicals that would increase the taste of salty substances:

    a.    alter the saltiness receptor so that it can be excited by acids.
    b.    block the sodium gates in the membrane.
    c.    increase the activity of the sodium-potassium pump.
    *d.    facilitate the passage of sodium across the membrane.

Taste receptors which operate by closing potassium channels are those signaling:

    *a.    sour tastes.
    b.    salty tastes.
    c.    bitter tastes.
    d.    sweet tastes.

Each receptor responds to a limited range of stimuli and sends a direct line to the brain. This type of coding is referred to as:

    a.    across-fiber.
    b.    vestibular.
    c.    hierarchical.
    *d.    labeled-line.

Itching is primarily the result of:

    a.    baby powder.
    *b.    histamine release.
    c.    bad circulation.
    d.    substance P release.

How does an injection of capsaicin into the spinal cord lead to an insensitivity to pain?

    a.    It blocks sodium channels.
    *b.    It depletes substance P from neurons that transmit pain messages.
    c.    It stimulates neurotransmitters that compete with pain messages.
    d.    It hyperpolarizes neural membranes.

Amusia refers to impaired detection of frequency changes.

*True  
False  

According to the place theory, the basilar membrane resembles the strings of a piano in that each area along the membrane is tuned to a specific frequency.

*True  
False 

The brain chemicals known as endorphins and enkephalins produce effects similar to which substance?

    a.    vitamin B-1 (thiamine)
    *b.    opiates
    c.    amphetamine
    d.    substance P

An individual with damage to the primary somatosensory cortex would most have problems with:

    a.    memory.
    b.    balance.
    *c.    ability to locate where someone was touching them.
    d.    hearing.

An acceleration of the head in any plane causes:

    a.    the jelly-like substance in one of the semicircular canals to move to another canal.
    b.    fluid to spill out from the otolith organs into the semicircular canals.
    c.    hair cells to become stiff and straight.
    *d.    the jelly-like substance in one of the semicircular canals to push against hair cells.

Small animals with their ears close together hear by:

    a.    detecting loudness differences in low-frequency sounds.
    b.    detecting phase differences.
    *c.    casting a sound shadow, for high-frequency sounds.
    d.    casting a sound shadow, for low-frequency sounds.

A sound shadow refers to:

    a.    out of phase sound waves.
    b.    the time it takes sound waves to reach the ears.
    c.    in phase sound waves.
    *d.    how much louder a high-frequency sound is for the ear closest to the sound.

Which of the following apparently depends on a process similar to phantom limbs?

    a.    dyslexia
    b.    echolocation
    *c.    tinnitus
    d.    stuttering

If the cochlea suffers damage but it is confined to one part of the cochlea, that individual will lose:

    a.    hearing of certain loudnesses of sound.
    b.    all hearing.
    c.    hearing of certain rhythms of sound.
    *d.    hearing of certain frequencies of sound.

High frequency tones produce maximum displacement:

    a.    at the apex of the basilar membrane.
    b.    at the narrow end of the cochlea.
    *c.    at the base of the basilar membrane.
    d.    in the eighth cranial nerve.

"Every sound causes one location along the basilar membrane to resonate, and thereby excites neurons in that area." This is one way to state which theory about pitch perception?

    *a.    place theory
    b.    opponent-process theory
    c.    frequency theory
    d.    volley principle

The hammer, anvil and stirrup are found in the:

    a.    external auditory canal.
    b.    cochlea.
    *c.    middle ear.
    d.    temporal lobe.

Amplitude is to __________ as frequency is to __________.

    a.    pitch; loudness
    b.    pitch; tone
    c.    loudness; intensity
    *d.    loudness; pitch

Which ganglion cells, if any, are located mostly in or near the fovea?

    a.    They are all distributed equally.
    b.    magnocellular
    *c.    parvocellular
    d.    koniocellular

In the vertebrate retina, which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition?

    a.    ganglion cells
    b.    bipolar cells
    c.    glial cells
    *d.    horizontal cells

The enhancement of contrast at the edge of an object is the result of:

    a.    the diffraction of light from the edge's surface.
    b.    the color of the object.
    c.    fatigue of the rods and cones.
    *d.    lateral inhibition in the retina.

Color constancy is the ability to:

    a.    see color, even in very faint light.
    b.    differentiate among many colors and hues.
    c.    perceive all wavelengths as the same color.
    *d.    recognize the color of an object despite changes in lighting.

Which theory emphasizes the idea that color vision depends on the relative responses of three kinds of cones?

    a.    opponent-process theory
    b.    volley theory
    c.    retinal theory
    *d.    Young-Helmholtz theory

Which receptors are responsible for the perception of color?

    a.    both rods and cones
    b.    horizontal and amacrine cells
    *c.    cones
    d.    rods

Color perception depends MOSTLY on the:

    *a.    parvocellular pathway.
    b.    superior colliculus.
    c.    lateral geniculate.
    d.    magnocellular pathway.

Joe has suffered brain damage that has left him unable to recognize the faces of his wife and children, although he can identify them by their voices. What is Joe's condition?

    a.    lateral inhibition
    b.    aphasia
    c.    motion blindness
    *d.    prosopagnosia

If we compare the receptive fields of two simple cells in the primary visual cortex, chosen at random, in what way are they most likely to differ?

    *a.    Orientation (angle) of a line that they respond to.
    b.    The size of their receptive field.
    c.    Whether they respond to colored light as well as white light.
    d.    Shape.

Which of the following would most strongly excite a simple cell in the primary visual cortex?

    a.    donut
    *b.    square picture frame
    c.    diffuse light throughout the visual field
    d.    loud sound

Damage to the dorsal stream may interfere with:

    a.    remembering something seen at a previous time.
    b.    describing what is seen.
    c.    perceiving the movement of an object.
    *d.    reaching out to grasp an object.

Once within the cerebral cortex, the parvocellular pathway continues as a pathway sensitive to:

    a.    depth.
    *b.    details of shape.
    c.    visual memories.
    d.    movement.

Visual information from the lateral geniculate area goes to the:

    a.    retina.
    b.    hypothalamus.
    *c.    primary visual cortex.
    d.    thalamus.

Small receptive fields are to ________ cells as large receptive fields are to ________ cells.

    a.    magnocellular; parvocellular
    b.    magnocellular; koniocellular
    *c.    parvocellular; magnocellular
    d.    koniocellular; parvocellular

In the vertebrate retina, which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition?

    a.    glial cells
    *b.    horizontal cells
    c.    bipolar cells
    d.    ganglion cells

Cutting the left optic nerve in front of the optic chiasm would result in blindness in ________.

    a.    the right eye
    *b.    the left eye
    c.    peripheral vision of both eyes
    d.    the left visual field

If a bipolar cell in the visual system increases its rate of firing when responding to the color red, it will decrease its rate of firing when stimulated by what color?

    a.    yellow
    b.    white
    *c.    green
    d.    blue

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the:

    a.    velocity of the action potential.
    b.    difference between cone and rod activity.
    *c.    relative activity of short, medium, and long wavelengths.
    d.    absolute activity of a single cone.

Which receptors are responsible for the perception of color?

    a.    horizontal and amacrine cells
    b.    rods
    c.    both rods and cones
    *d.    cones

What are the two kinds of receptors in the retina?

    a.    bipolar and ganglion cells
    b.    amacrine and horizontal
    *c.    rods and cones
    d.    ganglion and rods

Why does the fovea provide the clearest, most detailed visual information?

    a.    There are many blood vessels for supplying energy.
    b.    It is closest to the pupil.
    c.    It surrounds the optic nerve.
    *d.    Receptors are tightly packed there.

The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell?

    a.    bipolar cells
    *b.    ganglion cells
    c.    horizontal cells
    d.    rods and cones

The law of specific nerve energies states that:

    a.    perception of a repeated stimulus fades.
    b.    the speed of action potentials varies depending on the strength of the stimulus.
    *c.    every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light.
    d.    any stimulation above the threshold produces an action potential.

What is the condition involving blurred vision for either horizontal or vertical lines?

    a.    prosopagnosia
    b.    strabismus
    *c.    astigmatism
    d.    blindsight

A strong astigmatism during the first year or so of life can produce effects in the human brain similar to those found in what kinds of experiments on cats?

    a.    covering one eye during the sensitive period
    b.    covering both eyes during the sensitive period
    c.    destroying individual cells by implanting electrodes
    *d.    restricting visual stimulation to one particular orientation

In depth perception, different views are received by each eye, depending on the distance of the object being viewed. What is this called?

    a.    contrasting imagery
    b.    amblyopic differential
    *c.    retinal disparity
    d.    astigmatic contrast

In what way does infant vision differ from adult vision?

    a.    Infants do not have peripheral vision.
    b.    Infants have trouble focusing their attention on visual stimuli.
    c.    Infants have rods, but no cones.
    *d.    Infants have trouble shifting their attention away from visual stimuli.

The prevailing hypothesis of how visual consciousness works is that:

    a.    there is a single "center" for visual consciousness.
    b.    it depends on activity in the superior colliculi.
    c.    it is based only on case reports.
    *d.    consciousness is distributed over several cortical areas.

Which of the following would be easiest for someone who is motion blind?

    a.    driving a car
    *b.    dressing themselves
    c.    filling a pitcher with water
    d.    taking the dog for a walk

One might find cells that respond best to moving borders within specific receptive fields in the:

    a.    lateral geniculate.
    *b.    middle temporal cortex.
    c.    striate cortex.
    d.    retina.

To what does "shape constancy" refer?

    a.    All neurons within a single column have the same shape of dendritic tree.
    b.    Objects described from memory are described as more symmetrical than they actually were when we saw them.
    c.    No matter how big we get, our mothers still see us as children.
    *d.    We can recognize objects even at different orientations.

Which cell responds most strongly to a stimulus moving perpendicular to its axis?

    *a.    complex
    b.    lateral geniculate
    c.    ganglion
    d.    simple

Visual information from the lateral geniculate area goes to the:

    *a.    primary visual cortex.
    b.    retina.
    c.    hypothalamus.
    d.    thalamus.

Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues as a pathway sensitive to:

    a.    details of shape.
    *b.    movement.
    c.    depth.
    d.    visual memories.

Damage to the dorsal stream may interfere with:

    a.    perceiving the movement of an object.
    b.    describing what is seen.
    *c.    reaching out to grasp an object.
    d.    remembering something seen at a previous time.

The ability that you have to determine that your eyes are moving, instead of the room that you are in, is a function of which brain area?

    a.    MT
    b.    primary visual cortex
    *c.    area MST
    d.    inferior temporal cortex

An individual suffers damage to the temporal cortex, but maintains an intact parietal cortex. This may result in an inability to:

    a.    step over or go around objects in their way.
    b.    control movements of eye muscles.
    c.    reach out and grasp an object.
    *d.    describe the size or shape of objects they see.

In the vertebrate retina, which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition?

    a.    glial cells
    b.    bipolar cells
    *c.    horizontal cells
    d.    ganglion cells

Stimulating a receptor leads to either excitation or inhibition of a particular neuron; the receptor is part of that neuron's:

    *a.    receptive field.
    b.    stimulus field.
    c.    bipolar area.
    d.    convergence field.

Branches of the optic nerve go directly to what areas of the brain?

    a.    superior colliculus and cerebral cortex
    b.    lateral geniculate and cerebral cortex
    *c.    lateral geniculate and superior colliculus
    d.    prefrontal cortex and occipital lobe

Damage to area V4 would likely cause problems with color constancy.

*True  
False  

Restoration of sight is as effective in adulthood as it is in childhood.

True  
*False  

The law of specific nerve energies states that:

    a.    perception of a repeated stimulus fades.
    b.    any stimulation above the threshold produces an action potential.
    *c.    every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light.
    d.    the speed of action potentials varies depending on the strength of the stimulus.

A person with prosopagnosia can not recognize voices.

True  
*False  

Most of the neurons in the visual cortex of very young kittens respond to:

    a.    one eye, and continue that way.
    *b.    both eyes, and continue that way.
    c.    one eye, but later develop binocular control.
    d.    both eyes, but later fine tune to only one.

Under what conditions, if any, will a cell in the visual cortex of a cat respond to light in an eye that has been closed for the first few months of life?

    a.    Under all conditions.
    *b.    If the "active" eye is closed for a while.
    c.    Under no conditions.
    d.    If it has the opportunity to coordinate with the "active" eye.

Simple cells are found exclusively in the primary visual cortex.

*True  
False  

Bipolar cells are the light sensitive cells in the retina.

True  
*False  

Which of the following would most strongly excite a simple cell in the primary visual cortex?

    a.    loud sound
    b.    diffuse light throughout the visual field
    c.    donut
    *d.    square picture frame

What is one way to determine whether a given cell in the primary visual cortex is "simple" or "complex"?

    a.    Whether its receptive field is monocular or binocular.
    b.    The shape of its receptive field.
    c.    Whether it is sensitive to the orientation of the stimulus.
    *d.    Whether it can respond equally to lines in more than one location.

An inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision is called:

    *a.    visual agnosia.
    b.    hemianopsia.
    c.    blindsight.
    d.    prosopagnosia.

Color perception depends MOSTLY on the:

    a.    lateral geniculate.
    b.    magnocellular pathway.
    *c.    parvocellular pathway.
    d.    superior colliculus.

The retinex theory accounts for the principle of color constancy.

*True  
False  

Cones are essential for color vision.

*True  
False  

Shapes are more easily identified with peripheral vision than foveal vision.

True  
*False  

Which of the following is NOT a factor in color vision deficiency?

    a.    low numbers of a particular type of cone
    b.    complete absence of one of the types of cones
    c.    long- and medium-wavelength cones making the same photopigment
    *d.    elongated shape of the eye

The principle that allows you to perceive an orange shirt to be the same color under varying lighting conditions is known as:

    *a.    color constancy.
    b.    size constancy.
    c.    an illusion.
    d.    trichromacy.

Psychophysical observations recorded by Helmholtz indicated that people could match any color by mixing appropriate amounts of _______ wavelengths.

    *a.    3
    b.    12
    c.    2
    d.    16 million

Why do humans perceive faint light better in the periphery of the eye?

    a.    The fovea is closer to the retina's blind spot than peripheral receptors are.
    b.    Ganglion cells in the periphery transmit their information to a larger brain area.
    *c.    More receptors in the periphery than in the fovea funnel input to each ganglion cell.
    d.    Receptors in the periphery are closer to the pupil.

Light from the right side of the world strikes the left side of the retina.

*True  
False  

The ability that you have to determine that your eyes are moving, instead of the room that you are in, is a function of which brain area?

    a.    inferior temporal cortex
    *b.    area MST
    c.    MT
    d.    primary visual cortex

Cones are essential for color vision.

*True  
False  

Most of the neurons in the visual cortex of very young kittens respond to:

    a.    both eyes, but later fine tune to only one.
    b.    one eye, but later develop binocular control.
    c.    one eye, and continue that way.
    *d.    both eyes, and continue that way.

Photopigments are stable in the dark.

*True  
False  

The retinex theory accounts for the principle of color constancy.

*True  
False  

Some people with damage to area V1 show a surprising phenomenon called blindsight.

*True  
False  

In what order does visual information pass through the retina?

    *a.    receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
    b.    bipolar cells, receptor cells, ganglion cells
    c.    receptor cells, ganglion cells, bipolar cells
    d.    ganglion cells, bipolar cells, receptor cells

The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell?

    a.    bipolar cells
    b.    rods and cones
    *c.    ganglion cells
    d.    horizontal cells

Which of the following characterizes the fovea?

    a.    It has more rods than cones.
    *b.    It has the greatest perception of detail.
    c.    It surrounds the point of exit of the optic nerve.
    d.    It falls in the shadow cast by the pupil.

The cornea is an adjustable structure in the eye that focuses light.

True  
*False  

Children with strabismus fail to develop:

    a.    perception of movement.
    b.    any kind of depth perception.
    *c.    stereoscopic depth perception.
    d.    the ability to recognize faces.

Damage to area V4 would likely cause problems with color constancy.

*True  
False  

Movement of the eyes suppresses activity in the visual cortex for a brief moment.

*True  
False 

The central portion of the macula:

    a.    is where the optic nerve exits the back of the eyeball.
    b.    contains many blood vessels and ganglion cell axons.
    *c.    is specialized for acute, detailed vision.
    d.    contains mostly rods.

Which of the following characterizes the fovea?

    a.    It has more rods than cones.
    b.    It surrounds the point of exit of the optic nerve.
    c.    It falls in the shadow cast by the pupil.
    *d.    It has the greatest perception of detail.

Infants are born with the ability to control their visual attention.

True  
*False  

In humans, as in other species, the visual cortex is more plastic early in life.

*True  
False 

You would most likely find a receptor potential in:

    a.    a motor neuron.
    b.    the synaptic cleft between a receptor neuron and an interneuron.
    *c.    the membrane of a receptor neuron.
    d.    the nucleus of a receptor cell.

Recent evidence suggests that phantom limb pain is caused by sensations coming from the stump of the amputated limb.

True  
*False  

Paralysis caused by spinal cord injury is usually only temporary in humans.

True  
*False 

Diaschisis refers to the decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons.

*True  
False  

In strokes caused by ischemia or hemorrhage, neurons die from overstimulation.

*True  
False

Exercise may account for some of the neural benefits that come from rearing rats in an enriched environment.

*True  
False  

Nerve growth factor is a chemical that promotes the survival and activity of neurons.

*True  
False 

The brain requires millions of chemicals to correctly guide the growth of axons to their target locations.

True  
*False  

Recent evidence suggests that adult vertebrate brains generate new neurons.

*True  
False 

Synaptogenesis is a process that begins before birth and continues throughout life.

*True  
False  

Proliferation is the production of new cells.

*True  
False  

Which hormone has been shown to decrease the effects of brain damage or to improve recovery from that damage?

    a.    parathyroid hormone
    *b.    progesterone
    c.    testosterone
    d.    vasopressin

Sensations from phantom limbs:

    *a.    are a result of brain reorganization.
    b.    do not have a neural basis.
    c.    can be diminished if more of the limb is removed surgically.
    d.    come from the stump of the amputated limb.

Certain axons innervating a given neuron are damaged. What compensatory change is likely to take place in that postsynaptic cell?

    *a.    denervation supersensitivity
    b.    removal of toxins
    c.    collateral sprouting
    d.    decrease in glucose utilization

If some of the axons innervating a given cell are destroyed or if they become inactive, what compensatory process takes place in the remaining presynaptic cells?

    a.    activation of previously silent synapses
    b.    removal of toxins
    *c.    collateral sprouting
    d.    denervation supersensitivity

After a cut through the spinal cord, axons grow back enough to restore functioning in certain __________ but not in __________.

    a.    adults; infants
    *b.    fish; mammals
    c.    mammals; primates
    d.    infants; adults

One limiting factor in the ability of damaged axons to regenerate in the brain and spinal cord is that:

    *a.    they regenerate only 1-2 millimeters.
    b.    there are no muscles in the brain and spinal cord to guide the growth.
    c.    growing dendrites compete with growing axons.
    d.    they don't have any myelin to guide them.

Recovery from brain damage:

    a.    begins to develop about two months after the damage occurred.
    *b.    becomes more difficult in old age.
    c.    is more extensive in young adults than for either children or older adults.
    d.    is unlikely to last more than a few years.

Ischemia is to __________ as hemorrhage is to __________ :

    *a.    obstruction; rupture
    b.    proximal; distal
    c.    barely noticeable; lethal
    d.    older individuals; younger individuals

A stroke which is caused when an artery ruptures is also known as:

    *a.    hemorrhage.
    b.    penumbra.
    c.    closed head injury.
    d.    ischemia.

Children of mothers who smoke cigarettes during pregnancy are at an increased risk of:

    a.    Korsakoff's syndrome.
    b.    Parkinson's disease.
    *c.    intellectual deficits.
    d.    Rett syndrome.

If Himalayan anteaters have a larger cerebral cortex than Mongolian anteaters, then probably:

    a.    Mongolian anteaters have larger subcortical areas.
    b.    Mongolian anteaters have a larger corpus callosum.
    c.    Himalayan anteaters have a lower metabolic rate.
    *d.    Himalayan anteaters also have larger subcortical areas.

What is different about rats raised in an enriched environment in comparison to rats raised in an impoverished environment?

    *a.    improved learning performance
    b.    a more pleasant personality
    c.    nothing
    d.    better parenting skills

If you cut the optic nerve of a newt, what happens?

    a.    The newt remains blind, since neurons do not regenerate.
    b.    The fibers grow back and attach to random targets, so they see a scrambled picture.
    *c.    The fibers grow back and attach to their original targets, resulting in normal vision.
    d.    The fibers attach to multiple targets, resulting in blurry vision.

At later stages of the neuron's development, neurotrophins:

    a.    cause the neuron's death.
    *b.    increase the branching of axons.
    c.    connect the axon to axons of adjoining cells.
    d.    become converted into myelin.

Apoptosis:

    a.    promotes the survival and growth of the axon.
    *b.    is a programmed mechanism of cell death.
    c.    promotes the survival and growth of dendrites.
    d.    promotes the activity of neurons.

Why is it that all neurons in a healthy adult brain have made appropriate connections?

    *a.    If an axon does not make the appropriate connections by a certain age, it dies.
    b.    We are born with all connections formed.
    c.    Connections form rapidly, but we learn to use whatever connections have formed.
    d.    Chemical messages from our muscles tell our brain how many neurons to form, and that number perfectly matches the connections required.

Whether or not a transplanted neuron develops characteristics similar to its new neighbors is dependent upon the:

    *a.    maturity of the transplanted neurons.
    b.    sensitivity of the neighboring axons.
    c.    number of transplanted neurons.
    d.    size of transplanted neurons.

Differentiation is the:

    a.    production of new cells.
    b.    insulation process that occurs on some axons.
    c.    movement of primitive neurons and glia.
    *d.    formation of dendrites and an axon.

What term describes the movement of primitive neurons and glia within the developing nervous system?

    *a.    migration
    b.    myelination
    c.    proliferation
    d.    differentiation

The human central nervous system:

    a.    begins to form during the fetal stage.
    *b.    begins to form when the embryo is about two weeks old.
    c.    begins to form when the embryo is about two months old.
    d.    is unlike all other vertebrate central nervous systems in its developmental process.

Which hormone has been shown to decrease the effects of brain damage or to improve recovery from that damage?

    *a.    progesterone
    b.    vasopressin
    c.    testosterone
    d.    parathyroid hormone

Sensations from phantom limbs:

    a.    can be diminished if more of the limb is removed surgically.
    *b.    are a result of brain reorganization.
    c.    do not have a neural basis.
    d.    come from the stump of the amputated limb.

Certain axons innervating a given neuron are damaged. What compensatory change is likely to take place in that postsynaptic cell?

    a.    collateral sprouting
    *b.    denervation supersensitivity
    c.    decrease in glucose utilization
    d.    removal of toxins

If some of the axons innervating a given cell are destroyed or if they become inactive, what compensatory process takes place in the remaining presynaptic cells?

    *a.    collateral sprouting
    b.    activation of previously silent synapses
    c.    removal of toxins
    d.    denervation supersensitivity

After a cut through the spinal cord, axons grow back enough to restore functioning in certain __________ but not in __________.

    a.    mammals; primates
    b.    infants; adults
    *c.    fish; mammals
    d.    adults; infants

One limiting factor in the ability of damaged axons to regenerate in the brain and spinal cord is that:

    a.    there are no muscles in the brain and spinal cord to guide the growth.
    b.    they don't have any myelin to guide them.
    c.    growing dendrites compete with growing axons.
    *d.    they regenerate only 1-2 millimeters.

Recovery from brain damage:

    *a.    becomes more difficult in old age.
    b.    is more extensive in young adults than for either children or older adults.
    c.    begins to develop about two months after the damage occurred.
    d.    is unlikely to last more than a few years.

Ischemia is to __________ as hemorrhage is to __________ :

    *a.    obstruction; rupture
    b.    older individuals; younger individuals
    c.    barely noticeable; lethal
    d.    proximal; distal

A stroke which is caused when an artery ruptures is also known as:

    a.    ischemia.
    b.    closed head injury.
    *c.    hemorrhage.
    d.    penumbra.

Children of mothers who smoke cigarettes during pregnancy are at an increased risk of:

    *a.    intellectual deficits.
    b.    Rett syndrome.
    c.    Parkinson's disease.
    d.    Korsakoff's syndrome.

If Himalayan anteaters have a larger cerebral cortex than Mongolian anteaters, then probably:

    a.    Mongolian anteaters have larger subcortical areas.
    *b.    Himalayan anteaters also have larger subcortical areas.
    c.    Mongolian anteaters have a larger corpus callosum.
    d.    Himalayan anteaters have a lower metabolic rate.

What is different about rats raised in an enriched environment in comparison to rats raised in an impoverished environment?

    a.    better parenting skills
    *b.    improved learning performance
    c.    a more pleasant personality
    d.    nothing

If you cut the optic nerve of a newt, what happens?

    *a.    The fibers grow back and attach to their original targets, resulting in normal vision.
    b.    The fibers attach to multiple targets, resulting in blurry vision.
    c.    The newt remains blind, since neurons do not regenerate.
    d.    The fibers grow back and attach to random targets, so they see a scrambled picture.

At later stages of the neuron's development, neurotrophins:

    *a.    increase the branching of axons.
    b.    become converted into myelin.
    c.    cause the neuron's death.
    d.    connect the axon to axons of adjoining cells.

Apoptosis:

    *a.    is a programmed mechanism of cell death.
    b.    promotes the survival and growth of the axon.
    c.    promotes the activity of neurons.
    d.    promotes the survival and growth of dendrites.

Why is it that all neurons in a healthy adult brain have made appropriate connections?

    a.    We are born with all connections formed.
    b.    Chemical messages from our muscles tell our brain how many neurons to form, and that number perfectly matches the connections required.
    *c.    If an axon does not make the appropriate connections by a certain age, it dies.
    d.    Connections form rapidly, but we learn to use whatever connections have formed.

Whether or not a transplanted neuron develops characteristics similar to its new neighbors is dependent upon the:

    a.    sensitivity of the neighboring axons.
    b.    number of transplanted neurons.
    *c.    maturity of the transplanted neurons.
    d.    size of transplanted neurons.

Differentiation is the:

    *a.    formation of dendrites and an axon.
    b.    movement of primitive neurons and glia.
    c.    insulation process that occurs on some axons.
    d.    production of new cells.

What term describes the movement of primitive neurons and glia within the developing nervous system?

    a.    myelination
    b.    differentiation
    c.    proliferation
    *d.    migration

The human central nervous system:

    a.    is unlike all other vertebrate central nervous systems in its developmental process.
    b.    begins to form during the fetal stage.
    c.    begins to form when the embryo is about two months old.
    *d.    begins to form when the embryo is about two weeks old.

The area of the brain known to be important for "binding" is the:

    a.    central sulcus.
    b.    corpus callosum.
    c.    thalamus.
    *d.    parietal cortex.

The "binding problem" is the issue of how we:

    a.    convert sensory information into a pattern that produces movement.
    *b.    perceive visual, auditory and other aspects of a stimulus as a single object.
    c.    transfer information between the left and right hemispheres.
    d.    communicate between the word comprehension and word production areas of the brain.

The only area of the cerebral cortex known to receive input from ALL sensory modalities is the:

    a.    parietal lobe.
    b.    striate cortex.
    c.    thalamus.
    *d.    prefrontal cortex.

Following damage to the temporal lobe, monkeys that fail to display normal fear of snakes most likely have which of the following?

    a.    Wertmann syndrome
    b.    Urbach-Wiethe disease
    c.    Korsakoff's syndrome
    *d.    Kluver-Bucy syndrome

What is the primary area of the cerebral cortex for auditory sensations?

    a.    frontal
    *b.    temporal
    c.    parietal
    d.    occipital

Cortical blindness may result from the destruction of:

    a.    the central sulcus.
    b.    any part of the cortex.
    *c.    the occipital cortex.
    d.    the parietal cortex.

The large bundle of axons connecting the two hemispheres of the brain is called the:

    a.    thalamus.
    b.    midbrain.
    c.    limbic system.
    *d.    corpus callosum.

Membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord are called:

    *a.    meninges.
    b.    ventricles.
    c.    hydrocephali.
    d.    CSF.

The thalamus can be thought of as a(n):

    a.    emotion center.
    b.    ganglia.
    c.    modulation center.
    *d.    relay center.

Vision is to ________ as hearing is to ________.

    a.    cranial nerve IV; cranial nerve VIII
    b.    cranial nerve II; cranial nerve V
    c.    cranial nerve I; cranial nerve X
    *d.    cranial nerve II; cranial nerve VIII

The pons acts as a bridge between:

    a.    the hindbrain and the forebrain.
    b.    the thalamus and the cerebral cortex.
    c.    the thalamus and the hypothalamus.
    *d.    one side of the nervous system and the other.

The hindbrain consists of the:

    a.    tectum, tegmentum, and reticular formation.
    *b.    medulla, pons, and cerebellum.
    c.    thalamus and hypothalamus.
    d.    spinal cord and cranial nerves.

Acetylcholine is the only neurotransmitter released by:

    a.    intrinsic neurons of the hippocampus.
    b.    intrinsic neurons in the spinal cord.
    *c.    the parasympathetic nervous system's postganglionic axons.
    d.    the sympathetic nervous system's postganglionic synapses.

The parasympathetic nervous system has:

    a.    long preganglionic and long postganglionic axons.
    *b.    long preganglionic and short postganglionic axons.
    c.    short preganglionic and long postganglionic axons.
    d.    short preganglionic and short postganglionic axons.

Which activity is increased by the sympathetic nervous system?

    a.    salivation
    *b.    heart rate
    c.    body temperature
    d.    digestive activity

Gray matter in the brain and spinal cord is mainly composed of what structures?

    *a.    cell bodies and dendrites
    b.    unmyelinated axons
    c.    ganglia
    d.    myelinated axons

The cell bodies of sensory neurons that are in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord are called:

    a.    sensory nuclei.
    b.    sensory clusters.
    *c.    dorsal root ganglia.
    d.    ventral root ganglia.

What is the name given to a cluster of neurons outside the CNS?

    a.    tract
    b.    column
    c.    lamina
    *d.    ganglion

Together, the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system make up the ________ nervous system.

    a.    sympathetic
    b.    dorsal
    *c.    peripheral
    d.    central

What are the two parts of the central nervous system?

    a.    sympathetic division and parasympathetic division
    b.    cerebrum and cerebellum
    c.    autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system
    *d.    brain and spinal cord

What is the condition involving blurred vision for either horizontal or vertical lines?

    a.    strabismus
    *b.    astigmatism
    c.    prosopagnosia
    d.    blindsight

A strong astigmatism during the first year or so of life can produce effects in the human brain similar to those found in what kinds of experiments on cats?

    a.    destroying individual cells by implanting electrodes
    *b.    restricting visual stimulation to one particular orientation
    c.    covering both eyes during the sensitive period
    d.    covering one eye during the sensitive period

In depth perception, different views are received by each eye, depending on the distance of the object being viewed. What is this called?

    a.    amblyopic differential
    *b.    retinal disparity
    c.    contrasting imagery
    d.    astigmatic contrast

In what way does infant vision differ from adult vision?

    a.    Infants do not have peripheral vision.
    *b.    Infants have trouble shifting their attention away from visual stimuli.
    c.    Infants have rods, but no cones.
    d.    Infants have trouble focusing their attention on visual stimuli.

The prevailing hypothesis of how visual consciousness works is that:

    a.    it is based only on case reports.
    b.    there is a single "center" for visual consciousness.
    c.    it depends on activity in the superior colliculi.
    *d.    consciousness is distributed over several cortical areas.

Which of the following would be easiest for someone who is motion blind?

    a.    taking the dog for a walk
    *b.    dressing themselves
    c.    driving a car
    d.    filling a pitcher with water

One might find cells that respond best to moving borders within specific receptive fields in the:

    *a.    middle temporal cortex.
    b.    lateral geniculate.
    c.    striate cortex.
    d.    retina.

To what does "shape constancy" refer?

    a.    Objects described from memory are described as more symmetrical than they actually were when we saw them.
    *b.    We can recognize objects even at different orientations.
    c.    No matter how big we get, our mothers still see us as children.
    d.    All neurons within a single column have the same shape of dendritic tree.

Which cell responds most strongly to a stimulus moving perpendicular to its axis?

    a.    lateral geniculate
    b.    simple
    *c.    complex
    d.    ganglion

An individual suffers damage to the temporal cortex, but maintains an intact parietal cortex. This may result in an inability to:

    a.    step over or go around objects in their way.
    b.    control movements of eye muscles.
    c.    reach out and grasp an object.
    *d.    describe the size or shape of objects they see.

In the vertebrate retina, which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition?

    a.    ganglion cells
    b.    bipolar cells
    *c.    horizontal cells
    d.    glial cells

Stimulating a receptor leads to either excitation or inhibition of a particular neuron; the receptor is part of that neuron's:

    a.    convergence field.
    b.    stimulus field.
    c.    bipolar area.
    *d.    receptive field.

Branches of the optic nerve go directly to what areas of the brain?

    *a.    lateral geniculate and superior colliculus
    b.    prefrontal cortex and occipital lobe
    c.    lateral geniculate and cerebral cortex
    d.    superior colliculus and cerebral cortex

Which of the following is NOT a factor in color vision deficiency?

    a.    long- and medium-wavelength cones making the same photopigment
    *b.    elongated shape of the eye
    c.    low numbers of a particular type of cone
    d.    complete absence of one of the types of cones

The principle that allows you to perceive an orange shirt to be the same color under varying lighting conditions is known as:

    a.    trichromacy.
    b.    size constancy.
    c.    an illusion.
    *d.    color constancy.

Psychophysical observations recorded by Helmholtz indicated that people could match any color by mixing appropriate amounts of _______ wavelengths.

    a.    12
    b.    16 million
    c.    2
    *d.    3

Why do humans perceive faint light better in the periphery of the eye?

    a.    Ganglion cells in the periphery transmit their information to a larger brain area.
    b.    The fovea is closer to the retina's blind spot than peripheral receptors are.
    c.    Receptors in the periphery are closer to the pupil.
    *d.    More receptors in the periphery than in the fovea funnel input to each ganglion cell.

The central portion of the macula:

    a.    is where the optic nerve exits the back of the eyeball.
    b.    contains many blood vessels and ganglion cell axons.
    c.    contains mostly rods.
    *d.    is specialized for acute, detailed vision.

Which of the following characterizes the fovea?

    *a.    It has the greatest perception of detail.
    b.    It surrounds the point of exit of the optic nerve.
    c.    It has more rods than cones.
    d.    It falls in the shadow cast by the pupil.

You would most likely find a receptor potential in:

    a.    a motor neuron.
    b.    the nucleus of a receptor cell.
    c.    the synaptic cleft between a receptor neuron and an interneuron.
    *d.    the membrane of a receptor neuron.

If the prefrontal cortex is damaged, an individual may:

    a.    sleep 18-22 hours per day.
    b.    lose memory for faces.
    c.    have impaired vision.
    *d.    have difficulty remembering where they just put their keys.

Which of the following is true about the cortical areas that are sometimes known as "association areas"?

    a.    They do have the main control of thinking and reasoning.
    b.    They form associations between touch and hearing.
    c.    They integrate information from more than one sensory system.
    *d.    They would be better described as additional sensory areas.

One of the deepest grooves in the surface of the cortex is the:

    a.    precentral gyrus.
    b.    postcentral sulcus.
    c.    postcentral gyrus.
    *d.    central sulcus.

What deficits does a person suffer after damage to the striate cortex in the occipital lobe?

    a.    deafness
    b.    loss of touch and other body sensations
    *c.    blindness
    d.    loss of fine motor control

All of the cells in a given column in the cerebral cortex:

    *a.    are involved in the same function.
    b.    are the same size.
    c.    have the same shape.
    d.    are connected to one another by a single horizontal cell.

A fluid-filled channel in the center of the spinal cord is called the:

    *a.    central canal.
    b.    raphe system.
    c.    ventricle.
    d.    meninge.

Which endocrine gland is physically connected to the hypothalamus?

    a.    adrenal
    b.    thymus
    *c.    pituitary
    d.    pineal

Although the pituitary is often called the master gland, its activity is regulated by the:

    *a.    hypothalamus.
    b.    basal ganglia.
    c.    hippocampus.
    d.    thalamus.

In which area of the brain would one find the tectum, tegmentum, superior and inferior colliculi, and substantia nigra?

    a.    hindbrain
    b.    reticular formation
    c.    forebrain
    *d.    midbrain

The cerebellum contributes to the control of what function?

    a.    temperature
    *b.    movement
    c.    olfaction
    d.    hunger

The medulla controls a number of reflexes through:

    *a.    cranial nerves.
    b.    skeletal nerves.
    c.    the midbrain.
    d.    the forebrain.

Given their effects on the nervous system, what is one side effect of over-the-counter cold remedies?

    a.    increased sinus flow
    b.    decreased heart rate
    c.    increased digestive activity
    *d.    decreased salivation

Sympathetic is to __________ as parasympathetic is to __________.

    a.    voluntary behavior; involuntary behavior
    b.    neurotransmitters; hormones
    *c.    arousal; relaxation
    d.    central nervous system; peripheral nervous system

Which part of the nervous system prepares the body for "fight or flight" activities?

    a.    parasympathetic
    b.    peripheral
    c.    somatic
    *d.    sympathetic

If the spinal cord is cut at a given segment, the brain loses sensation at:

    *a.    that segment and all segments below it.
    b.    that segment and all segments above it.
    c.    all other segments.
    d.    that segment only.

A cross section of the spinal cord indicates that gray matter is:

    a.    composed only of dendrites.
    *b.    densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites.
    c.    densely packed with myelinated axons.
    d.    composed mostly of unmyelinated axons.

Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from above?

    a.    sagittal
    b.    coronal
    *c.    horizontal
    d.    commuter

The central nervous system is composed of:

    *a.    the brain and spinal cord.
    b.    the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
    c.    the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
    d.    all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.

Suppose a correlation is found between intelligence and the size of the frontal lobe of the brain. Which of the following statements would be most accurate?

    a.    A large frontal lobe causes a person to be intelligent.
    b.    Being intelligent causes a person to have large frontal lobes.
    *c.    As frontal lobe size increases, so does intelligence.
    d.    Intelligence and frontal lobe size are unrelated.

One major problem with studies that use PET or rCBF is:

    *a.    choosing an appropriate comparison condition.
    b.    they are completely noninvasive.
    c.    getting the blood to move where you want it.
    d.    they can be done only while someone is asleep.

Marijuana is used medically to enhance memory.

True  
*False 

A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter is an agonist.

True  
*False  

A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter is an antagonist.

*True  
False 

Gases can be used as neurotransmitters.

*True  
False

Inhibitory synapses actively suppress excitatory responses.

*True  
False  

Graded potentials can be depolarizations or hyperpolarizations.

*True  
False

The amount of temporal summation depends on the rate of stimulation.

*True  
False

At synapses, the cell that receives the message is called the presynaptic neuron.

True  
*False

A reflex arc consists only of sensory neurons.

True  
*False 

Transmission of information between neurons occurs in the same way as transmission along the axon.

True  
*False 

A common drug to treat alcoholism that produces illness after consuming alcohol is:

    a.    COMT.
    b.    NMDA.
    c.    anandamide.
    *d.    Antabuse.

LSD and other hallucinogenic drugs probably exert their effects most directly on what part of the neuron?

    a.    the reuptake protein channels
    b.    the sodium-potassium pump
    c.    axons terminals
    *d.    the postsynaptic receptors

Opiate drugs bind to receptors in the brain for:

    a.    catecholamines.
    b.    indolamines.
    c.    monoamines.
    *d.    endorphins.

The key into a lock analogy best describes:

    *a.    a drug's affinity for a receptor.
    b.    breakdown at a receptor site.
    c.    a drug's efficacy.
    d.    a drug's reuptake.

A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter is a(n) ________; a drug that mimics or increases the effects is a(n) ________.

    *a.    antagonist; agonist
    b.    depressant; stimulant
    c.    neuromodulator; synergist
    d.    agonist; antagonist

What is the function of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase?

    *a.    It breaks acetylcholine down into components for recycling.
    b.    It blocks further release of the transmitter acetylcholine.
    c.    It synthesizes acetylcholine from the diet.
    d.    It increases the sensitivity of the postsynaptic cell to acetylcholine.

"Second messengers" carry their messages to:

    a.    the surrounding glia.
    b.    areas within the presynaptic cell.
    *c.    areas within the postsynaptic cell.
    d.    the presynaptic membrane.

The neurotransmitter GABA exerts ________ effects, and its effects are almost always ________.

    *a.    ionotropic; inhibitory
    b.    metabotropic; excitatory
    c.    ionotropic; excitatory
    d.    metabotropic; inhibitory

The release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic terminal is most dependent on the influx of what ion?

    a.    chloride
    b.    sodium
    *c.    calcium
    d.    potassium

High concentrations of all neurotransmitters, except for NO, are stored in the:

    a.    cell body.
    *b.    presynaptic terminals.
    c.    postsynaptic terminals.
    d.    axon.

If you eat a food containing tryptophan, what can you consume with it to increase its entry to the brain?

    *a.    carbohydrates
    b.    fats
    c.    thiamine
    d.    phenylalanine

What makes nitric oxide unique among neurotransmitters?

    a.    It is composed of amino acids.
    b.    It is taken back up into the presynaptic neuron.
    c.    It is released before the action potential occurs.
    *d.    It is a gas.

The catecholamines include:

    *a.    epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine.
    b.    dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine.
    c.    epinephrine, serotonin, dopamine.
    d.    epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin.

Which of the following neurotransmitters is released by active neurons to dilate the blood vessels and increase blood flow?

    a.    acetylcholine
    *b.    nitric oxide
    c.    glycine
    d.    endorphins

Temporal summation is to ________, as spatial summation is to ________.

    a.    location; time
    b.    depolarization; hyperpolarization
    *c.    time; location
    d.    EPSP; IPSP

Which of the following would produce spatial summation?

    a.    Do not allow a flexor muscle to relax before stimulating it again.
    *b.    Present two or more weak stimuli at the same time.
    c.    Present a rapid sequence of weak stimuli.
    d.    Start action potentials at both ends of one axon at the same time.

Depolarization is to ________ as hyperpolarization is to ________.

    *a.    excitation; inhibition
    b.    increasing the threshold; decreasing the threshold
    c.    decreasing the threshold; increasing the threshold
    d.    inhibition; excitation

Which of the following is TRUE about EPSPs?

    a.    They occur because potassium gates open.
    b.    They can be either excitatory or inhibitory.
    *c.    They decay over time and space.
    d.    It takes two to produce an action potential.

Sherrington found that repeated stimuli within a brief time have a cumulative effect. He referred to this phenomenon as:

    *a.    temporal summation.
    b.    spatial summation.
    c.    saltatory summation.
    d.    synaptic summation.

Specialized junctions between neurons are called:

    *a.    synapses.
    b.    nodes of Ranvier.
    c.    dendrites.
    d.    spines.

Researchers have identified the gene that controls the development of the dopamine type D2 receptor in humans. People with the less common form of this gene were:

    a.    frequently introverts.
    b.    somewhat less likely than others to develop severe alcoholism.
    *c.    somewhat more likely than others to engage in a variety of pleasure-seeking behaviors.
    d.    somewhat less likely than others to engage in a variety of pleasure-seeking behaviors.

The effectiveness and side-effects of a drug vary from one person to the next. One reason for this is that:

    a.    most drugs interact with the diet to produce variable effects.
    b.    most drugs are chemically unstable, resulting in unpredictable effects.
    c.    drugs will break down neurotransmitters into different component parts in different people.
    *d.    each drug tends to affect more than one kind of synapse.

If a drug has high affinity and low efficacy, what effect does it have on the postsynaptic neuron?

    *a.    antagonistic
    b.    proactive
    c.    destructive
    d.    agonistic

The chemicals used as neurotransmitters in humans are found in:

    a.    no other species.
    *b.    apparently all or nearly all other species.
    c.    other mammals also, but not in nonmammals.
    d.    other vertebrates, but not in invertebrates.

Transporters:

    *a.    are special membrane proteins.
    b.    are enzymes that convert neurotransmitters into inactive chemicals.
    c.    transport much needed glucose to the brain.
    d.    transport neurotransmitters to the postsynaptic membrane.

Reuptake is the absorption of:

    a.    neurotransmitters by the postsynaptic neuron
    b.    neurotransmitters by glial cells
    *c.    neurotransmitters by the presynaptic neuron
    d.    nutrients and waste products by glial cells
   

"Second messengers" carry their messages to:

    a.    areas within the presynaptic cell.
    *b.    areas within the postsynaptic cell.
    c.    the surrounding glia.
    d.    the presynaptic membrane.

What is the synaptic cleft?

    a.    the storage location for calcium ions
    *b.    the gap between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron
    c.    a subthreshold depolarization
    d.    a packet that stores neurotransmitter molecules

The neuron excretes neurotransmitter through its membrane by a process called:

    a.    voltage-dependent flow.
    b.    endocytosis.
    *c.    exocytosis.
    d.    Dale's principle.

When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, the depolarization causes what ionic movement in the presynaptic cell?

    *a.    calcium into the cell
    b.    iron into the cell
    c.    lithium out of the cell
    d.    sodium out of the cell

Large neurotransmitters are synthesized in the:

    a.    dendrites.
    b.    postsynaptic terminal.
    *c.    cell body.
    d.    presynaptic terminal.

The research that firmly established synapatic communication as chemical was:

    a.    Elliot's adrenaline mimicking sympathetic activation.
    b.    Eccles's measurement of IPSPs.
    *c.    Loewi's transfer of fluid from stimulated frog hearts.
    d.    Sherrington's study of reflexes.

Inhibitory synapses:

    a.    always result in stimulating behavior.
    *b.    may result in either suppression or expression of behavior.
    c.    always result in suppressing behavior.
    d.    affect cells at the presynaptic level, but not at the postsynaptic level.
   

What effect do EPSPs and IPSPs have on the probability of triggering an action potential?

    a.    The probability is decreased by EPSPs and increased by IPSPs.
    b.    The probability is decreased by EPSPs and decreased by IPSPs.
    c.    The probability is increased by EPSPs and increased by IPSPs.
    *d.    The probability is increased by EPSPs and decreased by IPSPs.

Simultaneous weak stimuli at different locations produce a greater reflexive response than one of the stimuli by itself. What is this phenomenon called?

    a.    temporal summation
    *b.    spatial summation
    c.    the all-or-none law
    d.    Sherrington's law

How does an EPSP differ from an action potential?

    *a.    They differ in how many sodium channels are opened.
    b.    One is due to the opening of sodium channels, while the other is due to the opening of potassium channels.
    c.    They differ in how many potassium channels are opened.
    d.    One involves hyperpolarization and the other involves depolarization.
   

Sherrington proposed that subthreshold excitation:

    a.    gradually changes into an inhibition.
    b.    produces a constant, permanent change in the membrane.
    *c.    decays rapidly.
    d.    increases over time after stimulation.

Why is the speed of conduction through a reflex arc slower than the speed of conduction of an action potential along an axon?

    a.    There are greater amounts of myelin involved in the reflex arc.
    *b.    Transmission between neurons at synapses is slower than along axons.
    c.    Interneurons have thicker axons than other neurons.
    d.    The longer an axon, the slower its velocity.
   

The circuit from sensory neuron to muscle response is called:

    *a.    a reflex arc.
    b.    flexion.
    c.    extension.
    d.    a synapse.

On the basis of what evidence were the properties of synapses first inferred?

    a.    PET scans
    b.    the electron microscope
    *c.    behavioral observations
    d.    single-neuron recordings